区域海气耦合模式研究进展

区域海气耦合模式是进行区域尺度气候模拟和预估的重要工具,近年来得到快速发展。在阐述区域海气耦合过程重要性的基础上,对当今国内外主要的区域海气耦合模式研究进展进行总结,归纳区域海气耦合模拟所关注的核心科学问题,介绍区域海气耦合模式的技术特点。发展基于耦合器且无通量订正的区域海气耦合模式是区域海气耦合模式发展的主流方向。当前国际上区域海气耦合模拟所关注的主要科学问题,包括区域海气耦合模式对区域海洋过程的模拟、区域海气耦合模式对区域大气过程的模拟、亚洲—西北太平洋季风模拟及其耦合模拟海表面温度(SST)冷偏差问题、热带海气相互作用过程模拟,以及区域海气耦合模式对未来气候变化的预估研究等。对上述5个方面科学问题的研究思路和主要科学结论进行总结,重点关注针对亚洲—西北太平洋季风区的区域海气耦合模拟研究,对区域海气耦合过程改进亚洲—西北太平洋地区降水模拟的物理机制,及在该区域模拟SST冷偏差的成因亦进行相关归纳和总结。最后提出当前区域海气耦合模拟亟待解决的关键科学问题。     

BDS/GLONASS非组合精密单点定位模型与算法

在GPS非组合精密单点定位（PPP）模型的基础上,针对BDS和GLONASS系统各自的特点,分别提出了适用于BDS和GLONASS系统的非组合PPP模型,并在此基础上构建了BDS/GLONASS联合处理的函数模型.新模型中考虑了BDS系统GEO卫星伪距长周期多路径效应引起的系统性偏差（BDS GEO Multipath Bias,BGMB）,将其作为参数进行估计;另外,新模型中还考虑了GLONASS系统伪距频间偏差（inter-frequency-biase,IFB）,将其参数化为卫星频率号的线性函数,并通过参数重组得到了满秩的函数模型和可估参数的形式.选取了2015年年积日200~230共一个月的11个MGEX跟踪站数据来验证新模型与算法的正确性和有效性,结果表明：将BDS系统伪距BGMB当作参数估计能够显著提高BDS单系统非组合PPP的收敛速度,并能减小伪距残差;通过线性函数来模型化GLONASS伪距IFB能够显著提高GLONASS单系统PPP的收敛速度,并能在一定程度上减小伪距残差;1个月BDS/GLONASS非组合PPP定位误差RMS在北、东、高三个方向分别为6.9 mm、9.1 mm和19.3 mm,表明提出的BDS/GLONASS非组合PPP模型与算法具有良好的定位性能.

     

Sociodemographic characteristics,cultural biases,and environmental attitudes: An empirical application of grid-group cultural theory in Northwestern China

Natural resource-management studies have become increasingly attentive to the influences of human factors. Among these,cultural biases shape people's responses to changes in natural resource systems. Several studies have applied grid-group cultural theory to assess the effects of multiple value biases among stakeholders on natural resource management. We developed and administered a questionnaire in the Heihe River Basin(n = 364) in northwestern China to investigate the appropriateness of applying this theory in the Chinese context of natural resource management. The results revealed various cultural biases among the respondents. In descending order of prevalence, these biases were hierarchism(46.98%), individualism(26.65%), egalitarianism(18.96%), and fatalism(2.78%), with the remaining respondents(4.67%) evidencing no obvious bias. Our empirical study revealed respondents' worldviews and the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on cultural biases, as theoretically posited. Among the variables examined, age had a positive and significant effect across all biases except individualism. The correlation of income to all cultural biases was consistently negative. Only education had a negative and significant effect across all biases. Women were found to adhere to egalitarianism, whereas men adhered to individualism and hierarchism. Thus, grid-group cultural theory was found to be appropriate in the Chinese context, with gender, age, education, and income evidently accounting for cultural biases. Relationships between environmental attitudes and cultural biases conformed with the hypothesis advanced by grid-group cultural theory. This finding may be of value in explaining individuals' environmental attitudes and facilitating the development and implementation of natural resource-management policies.     

GPS卫星P1-C1码间偏差对星基增强改正数计算的影响分析

为分析GPS卫星P1-C1码间偏差对星基增强改正数计算的影响,利用中国广域分布监测站的GPS C1-P2双频实测数据计算GPS卫星钟差和星历改正数,并将其用于定位实验。实验结果表明,GPS卫星P1-C1码间偏差修正前后的卫星钟差改正数计算结果差异较为明显。定位结果表明,在SBAS改正数计算和用户定位时均对卫星P1-C1码间偏差进行修正,可使GPS C1码单频SBAS用户95%三维定位误差降低约19%,其中水平误差由1.94 m降低至1.45 m,高程误差由3.82 m降低至3.14 m;对于GPS C1-P2双频SBAS用户,只要保证在SBAS定位时对观测量中卫星P1-C1码间偏差的处理与SBAS改正数计算时一致,就可消除卫星P1-C1码间偏差的影响。     

赤道太平洋冷舌的春季海表面稳定冷偏差和最小风引起的混合

The authors investigate the relationship between bias in simulated sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial eastern Pacific cold tongue during the boreal spring as simulated by an oceanic general circulation model (OGCM) and minimal wind mixing (MWM) at the surface. The cold bias of simulated SST is greatest during the boreal spring, at approximately 3°C. A sensitivity experiment reducing MWM by one order of magnitude greatly alleviates cold biases, especially in March-April. The decrease in bias is primarily due to weakened vertical mixing, which preserves heat in the uppermost layer and results in warmer simulated SST. The reduction in vertical mixing also leads to a weak westward current in the upper layer, which further contributes to warmer SST estimates. These findings imply that there are large uncertainties about simple model parameters such as MWM at the oceanic surface.     

卡尔曼滤波可靠性分析及其在动态GPS定位中的应用

从预测残差入手，通过假设检验，给出了卡尔曼滤波内外可靠性量度，并将其和模型偏差分离估计递推公式引入ＧＰＳ动态定位之中。通过对ＷＡＤＧＰＳ用户站的动态数据处理得到了一些结论。     

GPS相对定位中系统误差的影响

GPS相对定位的精度受到多种系统误差的影响,本文研究对流层延迟误差(分相对和绝对)、电离层延迟误差、基线或网解算时作为固定点的高程和水平坐标误差的影响规律,得出一些有用的结论。在可见卫星分布均匀的情况下,推导出相应的计算公式,而对于卫星分布不均匀的情况,研究了计算影响的软件GPS-RPBE。     

GPS satellite and receiver instrumental biases estimation using least squares method for accurate ionosphere modelling

The positional accuracy of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is limited due to several error sources. The major error is ionosphere. By augmenting the GPS, the Category I (CAT I) Precision Approach (PA) requirements can be achieved. The Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) in India is known as GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN). One of the prominent errors in GAGAN that limits the positional accuracy is instrumental biases. Calibration of these biases is particularly important in achieving the CAT I PA landings. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed to estimate the instrumental biases by modelling the TEC using 4th order polynomial. The algorithm uses values corresponding to a single station for one month period and the results confirm the validity of the algorithm. The experimental results indicate that the estimation precision of the satellite-plus-receiver instrumental bias is of the order of ±0.17 nsec. The observed mean bias error is of the order −3.638 nsec and −4.71 nsec for satellite 1 and 31 respectively. It is found that results are consistent over the period.     

Evaluation of the CORDEX regional climate models performance in simulating climate conditions of two catchments in Upper Blue Nile Basin

This study was targeted at evaluating the performance of six Regional Climate Models (RCMs) used in Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX). The evaluation is on the bases of how well the RCMs simulate the seasonal mean climatology, interannual variability and annual cycles of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature over two catchments in western Ethiopia during the period 1990–2008. Observed data obtained from the Ethiopian National Meteorological Agency was used for performance evaluation of the RCMs outputs. All Regional Climate Models (RCMs) have simulated seasonal mean annual cycles of precipitation with a significant bias shown on individual models; however, the ensemble mean exhibited better the magnitude and seasonal rainfall. Despite the highest biases of RCMs in the wet season, the annual cycle showed the prominent features of precipitation in the two catchments. In many aspects, CRCM5 and RACMO22 T simulate rainfall over most stations better than the other models. The highest biases are associated with the highest error in simulating maximum and minimum temperature with the highest biases in high elevation areas. The rainfall interannual variability is less evident in Finchaa with short rainy season experiencing a larger degree of interannual variability. The differences in performance of the Regional Climate Models in the two catchments show that all the available models are not equally good for particular locations and topographies. In this regard, the right regional climate models have to be used for any climate change impact study for local-scale climate projections.     

CryoSat-2SARIn模式二级产品在内陆水域的偏差分析

对比青藏高原及天山地区所有湖泊内CryoSat-2基线C版本二级产品(SIR_SIN_L2I)和ICESat测高结果发现,它们之间存在一个多达几十米的系统性偏差,这种偏差限制了多源测高数据的联合研究,必须加以消除。从一级数据出发,利用经典的重跟踪方法重新获得湖面高程,能很好地消除这个偏差。研究发现,当前的二级产品在生成过程中使用了错误的窗口延迟参数,从而导致该系统性偏差。因此,CryoSat-2的SARIn模式二级产品不能直接用于多源数据的联合分析,需要对一级数据重跟踪或直接在二级数据上加一个偏差改正。