基于人工地震资料的珠江口地区最小一维P波速度模型

珠江口地区位于南海北部大陆的边缘,具有洋陆过渡型地壳特征,且NE向滨海断裂带从其中穿过,强震风险不可忽视.文中基于2015年珠江口海陆联合三维人工地震探测数据,人工进行初至P波震相拾取,并使用VELEST程序分别反演了陆域和海域的最小一维P波速度模型(走时残差均方根最小)和台站校正结果.台站校正结果的空间分布与区域地形...     

ISO Best Practices in Reference Material Certification and Use in Geoanalysis

The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) has published many guides, or technical standards, of great value to analytical geochemists. Two of particular importance are Guide 33 (Uses of Certified Reference Materials) and Guide 35 (Certification of Reference Materials). Both were first developed in the 1980s and undergo regular review and updating by the Reference Materials Committee (REMCO) that operates within ISO. Recent revisions have focused on adding statistical rigour to both guides. Although this offers significant advantages for use by professional metrologists, there are consequent issues of comprehension by the analytical chemists who in fact have the greatest need of them. A major focus of Guide 35 is the development of reference material uncertainties that are in full compliance with the Guide on Measurement Uncertainty (GUM), jointly issued by ISO, IUPAC and others. Guide 35 details handling of uncertainty due to (1) degradation on the shelf and in transport, (2) sample heterogeneity and (3) inter‐method and inter‐laboratory bias, as well as within‐laboratory repeatability. The International Association of Geoanalysts has developed a protocol for reference material certification that applies Guide 35 to the specific needs of the geoanalytical community. The approach being taken by the IAG in developing GUM‐compliant uncertainties for its certified values is presented. Recommendations made in Guide 33 for how a laboratory should compare its own results with certified values in assessing laboratory accuracy are outlined. Additionally, the subject of misusing reference materials is discussed. The apparent misuse occurs because so few CRMs exist that meet critical measurement needs of geoanalytical laboratories and that also meet the rigorous metrological demands of the latest editions of the ISO Guides. All of the focus of the IAG certification programme has been to undertake certifications that would fill gaps in CRM availability and thus serve to limit this misuse.     

一种GNSS网络RTK改进的综合误差内插方法

在全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）网络RTK综合误差内插法（CBI）的基础上，提出了一种改进的综合误差内插方法（MCBI）。该方法把综合误差分为对流层模型改正、一阶电离层影响和除一阶电离层影响外的其他综合影响3个部分。实例证明了该方法不仅在精度上比综舍误差内插法要高，而且更利于流动站的应用。     

Source bias in epicentre determinations revisited

Most estimates of the epicentre of the Long Shot explosion (29 October 1965, Aleutian Islands) are biased to the north of the true epicentre, this bias being much larger than formal uncertainty estimates. The bias is interpreted by some as evidence that the P-wave speeds in the upper mantle in the source region are higher to the north than to the south; that is, the difference between estimated and true epicentre is a source bias. Others argue that much of the bias can be explained by station anomalies, i.e. differences in the wave speeds in the upper mantle at stations to the north relative to those to the south. Bias may also be introduced by measurement error if signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is lower on average at stations to the south compared to those to the north and times are read late at the low SNR stations. Here I locate Long Shot and the other two Aleutian Island explosions (Milrow and Cannikin) using P times from small networks of stations all on continents. The results support the view that a large component of the bias in the epicentres of the three explosions is due to station anomalies and not source bias, but that for the Long Shot explosion (the lowest magnitude of the three explosions), measurement error due to systematic variations in the SNR between stations to the north and south also contributes to the bias.     

The gravitational attraction of any polygonally shaped vertical prism with inclined top and bottom faces

 A closed formula for computing the gravitational attraction of a general vertical prism with N+2 faces (N faces are vertical planes, the other two are the inclined top and bottom planes) in Cartesian coordinates is presented. In addition, the special case of a triangular prism is discussed. Algebraic differences and overlooked singularity conditions of a previously published formula of this computation (which was only for the triangular special case) were identified and are also presented. Received: 22 March 1999 / Accepted: 2 February 2000     

Correcting the Smoothing Effect of Estimators: A Spectral Postprocessor

The postprocessing algorithm introduced by Yao for imposing the spectral amplitudes of a target covariance model is shown to be efficient in correcting the smoothing effect of estimation maps, whether obtained by kriging or any other interpolation technique. As opposed to stochastic simulation, Yao's algorithm yields a unique map starting from an original, typically smooth, estimation map. Most importantly it is shown that reproduction of a covariance/semivariogram model (global accuracy) is necessarily obtained at the cost of local accuracy reduction and increase in conditional bias. When working on one location at a time, kriging remains the most accurate (in the least squared error sense) estimator. However, kriging estimates should only be listed, not mapped, since they do not reflect the correct (target) spatial autocorrelation. This mismatch in spatial autocorrelation can be corrected via stochastic simulation, or can be imposed a posteriori via Yao's algorithm.     

Use of shallow groundwater temperature profiles to infer climate and land use change: interpretation and measurement challenges

Temperature is often used to infer the effect of land use and climate conditions on aquifers. Reliable data are needed to examine the temperature behaviour in the subsurface; thus, the use of robust acquisition techniques is unavoidable. Three temperature measurement techniques were applied to assess the sources of bias that could occur during temperature logging in a shallow Quaternary coastal aquifer in Ferrara (Northern Italy). Open borehole temperature logging, multilevel sampling straddle packers isolated temperature measurements within a flow cell above ground and multilevel sampling straddle packers isolated temperature measurements via an in‐well level logger (MLS‐IW) were compared for several coastal monitoring wells to gain insights on the limitations of each technique. Results show that the source of bias between the three applied techniques are different: (i) the open borehole temperature logging method tends to record heat convection through the open borehole and is not representative of the aquifer temperature distribution; (ii) the multilevel sampling straddle packers isolated temperature measurements within a flow cell above ground method is swayed by the air temperature and the heating of the submersible pump used to lift groundwater above ground; and (iii) the MLS‐IW provides the most reliable vertical thermal profiling both in summer and winter, because groundwater temperature is directly measured at the selected monitoring depth. The implementation of a 1D flow model demonstrates that if precise temperature profiles are needed to infer the influence that land use and climate changes have on groundwater, the MLS‐IW method is a reliable method that could be applied to existing monitoring wells. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

极轨卫星观测偏差订正动态更新技术在GRAPES_3Dvar的应用研究

偏差订正技术是卫星辐射率资料同化的关键技术,目前全球GRAPES变分同化系统采用基于Harris和Kelly考虑扫描角和气团的静态偏差订正方案;但是该方案并没有考虑偏差属性的变化（比如仪器老化、观测数据漂移等问题）。因此,本文基于Harris和Kelly的TOVS辐射偏差订正方案以及国外在数值天气预报系统中对卫星数据提出的偏差订正动态更新概念的基础上,结合GRAPES分析预报系统和国家卫星气象中心的卫星预处理系统的特点以及仪器特征,提出了GRAPES偏差订正动态更新方案,来解决数据的漂移等问题。偏差订正动态更新技术是动态方法的一种,采用变分方法对偏差订正预报因子的系数进行调整。为了检验新方案的效果,设计了试验方案。为期两个月的同化试验结果显示,动态更新方案可以自动、迅速地优化已经退化的偏差订正方程,保持偏差订正的效果,运行稳定,结果令人鼓舞。     

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Uncertainties in Quantitatively Estimating the Atmospheric Heat Source over the Tibetan Plateau

As a huge,intense,and elevated atmospheric heat source(AHS) approaching the mid-troposphere in spring and summer,the Tibetan Plateau(TP) thermal forcing is perceived as an important factor contributing to the formation and variation of the Asian summer monsoon.Despite numerous studies devoted to determine the strength and change of the thermal forcing of the TP on the basis of various data sources and methods,uncertainties remain in quantitative estimation of the AHS and will persist for the following reasons:(1) Routine meteorological stations cover only limited regions and show remarkable spatial inhomogeneity with most distributed in the central and eastern plateau.Moreover,all of these stations are situated at an altitude below 5000 m.Thus,the large area above that elevation is not included in the data.(2) Direct observations on heat fluxes do not exist at most stations,and the sensible heat flux(SHF) is calculated by the bulk formula,in which the drag coefficient for heat is often treated as an empirical constant without considering atmospheric stability and thermal roughness length.(3) Radiation flux derived by satellite remote sensing shows a large discrepancy in the algorithm in data inversion and complex terrain.(4) In reanalysis data,besides the rare observational records employed for data assimilation,model bias in physical processes induces visible errors in producing the diabatic heating fields.