最佳小波包基的矿区植被及红边位置提取

小波包变换能同时对植被光谱信息的低频和高频分量进行分解,并能克服小波变换时间分辨率高而频率分辨率低的缺陷从而具有能够探测植被细微变化的优势。实验利用Hyperion高光谱影像对云南省普朗铜矿区植被像元的光谱进行最佳小波包基参量获取与植被信息识别,并在此基础上提出一种提取重金属污染下植被红边位置的最佳小波包基系数应用模型。研究结果表明基于最佳小波包基参量的植被信息识别及基于最佳小波包基系数的重金属污染探测具有可行性与一定优越性。     

Hydrologic processes at the urban residential scale

In the face of increasing urbanization, there is growing interest in application of microscale hydrologic solutions to minimize storm runoff and conserve water at the source. In this study, a physically based numerical model was developed to understand hydrologic processes better at the urban residential scale and the interaction of these processes among different best management practices (BMPs). This model simulates hydrologic processes using an hourly interval for over a full year or for specific storm events. The model was applied to treatment and control single‐family residential parcels in Los Angeles, California. Data collected from the control and treatment sites over 2 years were used to calibrate and validate the model. Annual storm runoff to the street was eliminated by 97% with installation of rain gutters, a driveway interceptor, and lawn retention basin. Evaluated individually, the driveway interceptor was the most effective BMP for storm runoff reduction (65%), followed by the rain gutter installation (28%), and lawn converted to retention basin (12%). An 11 m³ cistern did not substantially reduce runoff, but provided 9% of annual landscape irrigation demand. Simulated landscape irrigation water use was reduced 53% by increasing irrigation system efficiency, and adjusting application rates monthly based on plant water demand. The model showed that infiltration and surface runoff processes were particularly sensitive to the soil's physical properties and its effective depth. Replacing the existing loam soil with clay soil increased annual runoff discharge to the street by 63% when climate and landscape features remained unchanged. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal history of the Hodgkinson Province and Laura Basin,Queensland: Multiple cooling episodes identified from apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite reflectance data

Apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite reflectance data from outcrop and well samples in the Hodgkinson Province and Laura Basin reveal regional Cretaceous cooling. Apatite fission track analysis appears to define two discrete cooling episodes, in the mid‐Cretaceous (110–100 Ma) and Late Cretaceous (80–70 Ma), although in most samples data allow only definition of a single episode. Rocks now at outcrop cooled from Cretaceous palaeotemperatures generally between 50 and 130°C in the south of the region, and from >100°C in the north. Some samples from the Hodgkinson Province also show evidence for an Early Jurassic cooling episode, characterised by maximum palaeotemperatures varying from at least 95°C (from apatite fission track analysis) to ～200–220°C (from vitrinite reflectance), with cooling beginning at around 200 Ma. Apatite fission track analysis data do not reveal the earlier event in the Laura Basin, but on the basis of vitrinite reflectance data from Permian? units this event is also inferred to have affected the pre‐Jurassic basin units in this region. The regional extent of the Cretaceous cooling episode in the Hodgkinson Province suggests that the elevated palaeotemperatures in this region were most likely due to greater depth of burial, with subsequent cooling due to kilometre‐scale denudation. For a palaeogeothermal gradient of 30°C/km and a palaeosurface temperature of 25°C the total degree of Cretaceous cooling experienced by the samples corresponds to removal of between ～0.8 and >3.0 km of Triassic and younger section removed by denudation, beginning some time between ca 110 and 80 Ma. Higher palaeogradients would require correspondingly lower amounts of removed section. The geology of the Laura Basin suggests that an explanation of the observed Cretaceous palaeotemperatures in this region in terms of deeper burial may be untenable. Heating due to hot fluid flow may be a more realistic mechanism for producing the observed Cretaceous palaeothermal effects in the Laura Basin.     

《解析摄影测量》课程基础理论的教学主线分析

解析法是摄影测量学、数字摄影测量与遥感影像纠正处理的基础理论和基本数学模型。通过多年的教学实践,总结出了解析法摄影测量基础理论教学的两条主线,从而有效地帮助学生在学习这门课程时从其繁杂的知识体系中理清思路,找到掌握摄影测量解析法的一条捷径。     

无砟轨道聚氨酯碎石防水联结层单元模型试验研究

基于无砟轨道基床表层水力损伤病害产生机制,提出一种在基床表层上设置聚氨酯碎石防水联结层的水力损伤控制措施。通过建立级配碎石组(J-0)、透水型聚氨酯碎石组(J-5)及致密型聚氨酯碎石组(J-10)3组试验模型,研究聚氨酯碎石防水联结层的静动力特性、疲劳特性与防水特性。结果表明：静力加卸载作用下,J-10残余应变为2.6×10–6,最大位移约为1.0 mm,与下部基床表层级配碎石层变形适应性良好,耗能效果明显,在列车动力荷载水平作用下,可减小基床表层动变形与动应力幅值,增大动应力扩散范围;在长期动力循环荷载作用下,J-0与J-5在注水后结构层动力响应显著增大,而J-10动力响应在加载次数1～2万次后基本保持稳定;试验过程中J-10能够有效防止水分进入基床表层级配碎石层,而J-0与J-5水分不断下渗,引起级配碎石细颗粒损失。研究成果对整治多雨地区无砟轨道基床表层水力损伤病害具有重要的应用价值。     

碧口地块东-北缘中、新生代构造隆升及演化：来自磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹的证据

青藏高原具有复杂的构造演化特征,该地区自中、新生代以来的构造隆升和构造演化机制一直是地质研究的热点。为精细刻画青藏高原板块、华北板块和华南板块之间的拼合关系及差异性隆升特征,对位于青藏高原东北端的碧口地块进行了磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹测试,以及热史模拟和岩石冷却速率计算。结果锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分别在（118±5～265±29）Ma和（29.0±2.7～54.0±7.0）Ma之间;碧口地块东北缘及北缘冷却速率接近,在3.125～3.448 ℃/Ma之间,东缘冷却速率相对较低,为2.041～2.273 ℃/Ma。结果表明,中、新生代以来,碧口地块及其周缘总体上经历了持续隆升过程,但不同地区隆升特征具有差异性：碧口地块北侧在早、中侏罗世（151±7）Ma经历了构造挤压和隆升过程;东部相对较晚,在晚侏罗世（143±11）Ma经历了构造隆升阶段;东北端在早白垩世才与华北板块拼接并进入持续构造隆升阶段。进入古近纪（54.0±7.0）Ma隆升阶段,即始新世早期后,碧口地块东缘在始新世中后期（44 Ma）开始发生构造隆升,北缘自渐新世中晚期（29～32 Ma）开始发生显著的构造隆升。上述区域在10 Ma（中新世晚期）共同进入快速隆升阶段。     

哀牢山—红河剪切带新生代热史演化及其构造意义

笔者等通过对哀牢山—红河剪切带5件砂岩磷灰石样品裂变径迹分析,获得测试分析样品的表观年龄,对所有样品利用模拟退火法进行了热史模拟,取得其热演化史;得出哀牢山—红河剪切带在新生代发生了相似的构造演化过程,其经历了2次快速冷却剥露事件,分别发生在37～14 Ma和5. 1～0 Ma,平均冷却速率分别为3. 98℃/Ma和11. 15℃/Ma;在发生快速冷却的时间上,存在自东向西逐渐变晚的趋势,说明哀牢山—红河剪切带在新生代可能为自东向西的幕式隆升。     

裂变径迹热年代学在珠江口盆地渐新统珠海组物源分析中的应用*

渐新统珠海组是南海北部珠江口盆地的主要储集层发育层位之一,但其物源区位置、沉积物搬运路径等关键问题仍存在争议。为此,选取珠江口盆地不同构造单元3口关键井珠海组上段砂岩样品开展锆石裂变径迹(ZFT)、磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)热年代学研究,进而开展珠海组物源分析。盆地西部西江凹陷XJ28井与白云凹陷LW3井ZFT、AFT年龄组分相似,包含晚三叠世的ZFT年龄组分,且ZFT、AFT主要年龄组分分别为白垩纪、古新世;盆地东部陆丰凹陷的LF7井ZFT、AFT年龄组分明显比前2口井偏年轻,ZFT主要年龄组分为古新世。3口井的ZFT、AFT年龄组成表明其珠海组上段物源均主要来自珠江口盆地北侧的华南地块,但盆地西部与东部显示出明显的物源差异。盆地西部XJ28井以及LW3井物源特征总体一致,均由古珠江水系供源,其物源以珠江流域中生代花岗岩为主,还包括华南地块腹地的中生代沉积岩。盆地东部LF7井的物源主要为陆丰凹陷北侧的沿海中生代花岗岩,物源组成相对简单,沉积物搬运距离相对较短。     

Exhumation History of the Xining Basin Since the Mesozoic and Its Tectonic Significance

The Xining Basin is located in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, and its continuous Cenozoic strata record the entire uplift and outgrowth history of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic. The newly obtained apatite fission track data presented here shows that the Xining Basin and two marginal mountain ranges have experienced multiphase rapid cooling since the Jurassic, as follows. In the Middle–Late Jurassic, the rapid exhumation of the former Xining Basin resulted from collision between the Qiangtang Block and the Tarim Block. During the Early–Late Cretaceous, the former Xining Basin underwent a tectonic event due to marginal compression, causing the angular unconformity between the Upper and Lower Cretaceous. In the Late Cretaceous to the Early Cenozoic, collision between the Qiangtang Block and the Lhasa Block may have resulted in the rapid exhumation of the Xining Basin and the Lajishan to the south. In the Early Cenozoic(ca. 50–30 Ma), collision between the Indian and Eurasia plates affected the region that corresponds to the present northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. During this period, the central Qilian Block rotated clockwise by approximately 24° to form a wedge-shaped basin(i.e., the Xining Basin) opening to the west. During ca. 17–8 Ma, the entire northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau underwent dramatic deformation, and the Lajishan uplifted rapidly owing to the northward compression of the Guide Basin from the south. A marked change in subsidence occurred in the Xining Basin during this period, when the basin was tectonically inverted.