Vegetation water content retrieval using scatterometer data at X-band

The vegetation water content (VWC) of kidney bean crop is retrieved using ground-based multi-temporal, multi-angular and co-polarized scatterometer data at X-band. An outdoor crop-bed was prepared to observe the scatterometer response at HH- and VV-polarizations in the angular range from 20° to 70°. The trend of scattering coefficient is found to decrease for the entire angular range. The present study is carried out to investigate the retrieval for VWC of a kidney bean crop at its nine different growth stages by an empirical relation based on least square optimization method using scatterometer data. The results are found promising for the retrieval of the VWC of kidney bean crop at its several growth stages.     

Regional-scale monitoring of cropland intensity and productivity with multi-source satellite image time series

In the context of growing populations and limited resources, the sustainable intensification of agricultural production is of great importance to achieve food security. As the need to support management at a range of spatial scales grows, decision-support tools appear increasingly important to enable the timely and regular assessment of agricultural production over large areas and identify priorities for improving crop production in low-productivity regions. Understanding productivity patterns requires the timely provision of gapless, spatial information about agricultural productivity. In this study, dense 30-m time series covering the 2004–2014 period were generated from Landsat and MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite images over the irrigated cropped area of the Fergana Valley, Central Asia. A light-use efficiency model was combined with machine learning classifiers to assess the crop yield at the field level. The classification accuracy of land cover maps reached 91% on average. Crop yield and acreage estimates were in good agreement (R² = 0.812 and 0.871, respectively) with reported yields and acreages at the district level. Several indicators of cropland intensity and productivity were derived on a per-field basis and used to highlight homogeneous regions in terms of productivity by means of clustering. Results underlined that regions with lower water-use efficiency were not only located further away from irrigation canals and intake points, but also had limited access to markets and roads. The results underline that yield could be increased by roughly 1.0 and 1.4 t/ha for cotton and wheat, respectively, if the access to water would be optimized in some of the regions. The minimum calibration requirement of the method and the fusion of multi-sensor data are keys to cope with the constraints of operational crop monitoring and guarantee a sustained and timely delivery of the agricultural indicators to the user community. The results of this study can form the baseline to support regional land- and water-resource management.     

长壁工作面巷顶沿空掘巷围岩应力分析

镇城底矿工作面的回采巷道一条沿顶板掘进,一条沿底板掘进,相邻两工作面在端头搭接,沿底板掘进的巷道形成巷顶沿空掘巷。通过理论分析、相似模拟、数值模拟及现场实测对巷顶沿空掘巷围岩结构及应力环境进行了研究。得到如下结论：该巷道不受超前和固定支承压力影响,大结构下方的矸石垫层可起到能量和应力耗散的作用,避免了动载和冲击影响,应力低且稳定;岩层移动形成的垮落角对采空区应力大小和分布（尤其采空区边缘）有重要影响;垮落角越小,采空区应力越小,该巷道围岩应力越小,采空区恢复至原岩应力的距离越大;垮落角对岩体塑性区发育方向起控制和导向作用;该巷道围岩应力大幅低于原岩应力,卸压程度大;实测该巷道竖向和横向位移均比非沿空巷道小,即顶底板和两帮应力环境均得到改善。研究对维护具有冲击倾向的高应力巷道具有一定意义。     

靖边油区洛河组与安定组富水性研究

在靖边油区油井施工中,白垩系下统洛河组砂岩底部泥浆漏失概率42%～66%,而砂岩其它部位未出现漏水现象。侏罗系中统安定组与上覆洛河组呈角度不整合接触,古风化壳的存在使安定组顶部灰岩裂隙十分发育,最大漏失量达0.88m3/mm。故洛河组砂岩底部与安定组泥灰岩是靖边油区开发地下水的较佳部位。     

Identification and comparison of perennial yield estimation models using Mt. Amiata Aquifer (southern Tuscany,Italy) as an example

With the principal aim of identifying and comparing suitable evaluation and forecasting models of perennial yield, detailed hydrogeological research was conducted on the cold phreatic aquifer located in the volcanites of Mount Amiata, southern Tuscany's most important water reservoir. The study was based on spring discharge, precipitation, and temperature data. It permitted the identification of the following models: (1) ratios between discharge values measured at the springs, (2) depletion urve analysis of the springs, (3) multiple regression with climatic data, and (4) water balance, coefficients of potential infiltration and runoff coefficients derived on a physiographic basis. Analysis of the results obtained using these models shows their excellent ability to forecast in the medium and long term; for short-term (yearly) forecasts, highly satisfactory results have been obtained for most of the methods used. With regard to Mt. Amiata's average perennial yield, it is estimated at 55×10⁶ m³/yr (the maximum deviation among the various evaluations performed varies from 4 to 8 percent), and it presents a decreasing trend, which is proportional to the reduction of local precipitation.     

多级支护边坡屈服加速度及因素敏感性分析

基于拟静力法,结合塑性极限分析上限定理和强度折减技术,推导了桩板式挡墙与二级锚杆挡墙支护高边坡地震作用下的水平屈服加速度系数的上限解,分别计算了多级支护结构总高度、边坡平台宽度、土的抗剪强度折减系数、桩板墙桩侧土压力分布经验系数、锚杆挡墙倾角、锚杆轴力及倾角等因素下,多级支护边坡的水平屈服加速度系数的临界极限值。根据正交分析法,给出了地震条件下基覆边坡水平屈服加速度系数影响因素的敏感性顺序。研究表明,多级支挡结构高度和锚杆轴力敏感性较大,而锚杆倾角、桩侧土压力分布经验系数和边坡平台宽度的敏感性较小。锚杆倾角、锚杆挡墙倾角、边坡平台宽度、桩板墙抗力及桩侧土压力分布形式的选择等,对水平屈服加速度系数的影响较小。土的抗剪强度参数中,黏聚力对水平屈服加速度系数的影响较小,而内摩擦角的影响较大。     

京津冀地区夏玉米生产潜力时空变异及其与现实产量的对比分析(英文)

Crop potential productivity is a key index of scientifically appraising crop production and land population-supporting capacity. This study firstly simulated the potential and waterlimited yield of summer maize in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region using WOFOST model with meteorological data of 40 years, and then analyzed yield gaps between the actual and potential yield based on statistical data at county level. The potential and water-limited yield of summer maize in the BTH region is 6854–8789 kg/hm2 and 6434–8741 kg/hm2, and the weighted average for whole region is 7861 kg/hm2 and 7185 kg/hm2, respectively. The simulated yields gradually decrease from northeast to southwest with changes in climatic conditions particularly temperature and precipitation. Annual variation of potential yield is higher in the central and southern parts than the northeastern part. Compared to potential yield, the water-limited yield has higher coefficient of variation (CV), because of precipitation effects. The actual yield of summer maize was 2537–8730 kg/hm2, regionally averaged at 5582 kg/hm2, about 70% of the potential yield, implying that the region has room to increase the yield by improving crop management and irrigation systems.     

爆炸荷载作用下浅埋结构动态响应有限元计算

采用有限元数值计算方法分析了地下浅埋结构的非线性动力响应,得到了结构在不同时刻的动态响应模拟计算数据。该地下浅埋结构由金属壳体和上覆土体共同组成,对于土体和金属壳体分别采用Drucker-Prager和Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则以及弹塑性本构关系,分析其非线性动态位移场和应力场。根据爆炸试验数据,研究了爆炸冲击波随距离和时间的变化过程,并且将其作为作用在结构内部的爆炸荷载。有限元数值模拟结果表明,采用非线性有限元模拟爆炸冲击荷载作用下地下浅埋结构的弹塑性动力响应是有效的,并且证明所设计的地下防护结构是安全的。     

天然沉积结构性黏土原位压缩规律及预测模型研究

通过天然沉积黏土的原状样与重塑样的压缩对比试验,揭示了屈服后土结构性的渐进性破损过程以及由常规 曲线确定的压缩指数 随固结压力呈非线性变化性状给实际工程沉降计算参数选取带来不便。采用 双对数坐标表示方法,通过不同初始结构大小的黏土试验数据证实了 压缩曲线在屈服前后段具有良好的线性关系,实现了结构屈服应力、屈服前后压缩指标有效统一确定。在该坐标体系下给出了考虑取样扰动影响的原位压缩曲线恢复方法,建立了结构性黏土的双线性压缩模型,结合文中与文献中试验数据给出了结构屈服应力与不排水强度、屈服后压缩指标与稳定指数SI和液限wL的经验关系。研究结果可为天然沉积土地基固结沉降计算参数的合理选取提供依据。     

坡面草被覆盖对坡沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响

通过室内放水冲刷试验方法,研究了坡沟系统坡面不同草被覆盖度及空间配置下,坡沟系统侵蚀产沙变化过程及特征。结果表明,放水流量较小时,覆盖度越高,侵蚀产沙量越小;坡面草被不同空间配置下的产沙量大小依次是：坡上部 > 坡中部 > 坡下部。大流量时,不同草被覆盖度间的产沙量差异增大,不同草被空间配置下的产沙量变化规律不十分显著。沟坡产沙比随坡面草被覆盖度的增加呈指数增加,大流量比小流量下的增加幅度要大。坡面草被布设在坡下部时,其对沟坡侵蚀的危害最大。坡沟系统侵蚀产沙变化过程是增加-稳定-下降,其变化的阶段性不如单一坡面明显。