高阶煤煤层气直井低产原因分析及增产措施

我国煤层气井普遍产量低、开发效果差,主要原因是增产改造措施与地质条件匹配性差。通过分析沁水盆地南部郑庄区块直井的低产原因,提出针对性增产措施,并分析相关措施的增产机理及地质适应性,优化增产措施施工参数,并开展实践验证。研究和实践结果表明,埋深大的地区,裂缝开启困难,实施重复压裂可使裂缝转向并增加裂缝长度,增产效果较好。为了充分释放应力,实现裂缝偏转,重复压裂前排采时间至少应在1 000 d以上,重复压裂施工应降低支撑剂用量,且细砂应分段加入;碎裂煤-碎粒煤整体发育的煤层,直接压裂时裂缝延伸较短,实施间接顶板压裂可获得高产,压裂层位顶界至煤层顶板间隔距离为0.5~1.5 m,压裂液排量为5.0~5.5 m³/min,射孔段长度为1.5~2.0 m,单位射孔层段压裂液量为200~300 m³/m时增产效果最好;天然裂缝发育区,实施投球压裂实现裂缝转向,可大幅提高产量,该工艺适应于施工压力下降且低于15 MPa、日产水量为2~5 m³的低产井,其增产措施为先实施以细砂为主的小型预压裂封堵原裂缝,然后投球封堵部分原射孔孔眼,双重封堵可大幅提高重复压裂时的施工压力,形成新裂缝。研究成果对高煤阶煤层气井低产原因分析及增产治理具有指导和借鉴作用。     

供水管井设计出水量的确定

论述了管井出水能力的概念及确定管井出水量的理论依据。科学合理的出水量设计和避免过量抽水,是确保管井良好运行、延长管井使用寿命的关键。并以孟加拉国Barapukuria电厂水源地为例,对管井出水量的设计方法进行了详细说明。     

新疆气象灾害对主要作物产量影响的灰色关联分析

利用1978-2014年洪涝、旱灾、风雹灾及低温冷冻四种农业气象灾害受灾面积、同期粮食平均单产及粮食作物单产有关统计数据,采用线性和灰色关联分析方法,对新疆37a的主要农业气象灾害特征及其对主要粮食作物、主要经济作物单产的影响进行分析。新疆农业气象灾害灾情总体呈受灾面积大、成灾率高、波动幅度大的特点。旱灾和雹灾对新疆的粮食生产危害较大,低温冷冻灾害和洪涝灾害其次。从作物种类来看,不同作物与旱灾受灾面积关联度最大,冬小麦、春小麦和玉米与低温冷冻灾害受灾面积的关联度最小,而棉花和甜菜与洪涝灾受灾面积的关联度最小。旱灾和雹灾是影响新疆农业生产的主要气象灾害。     

风云二号F星发射成功，乌鲁木齐气象卫星地面站积极配合

利用吉木乃县1961-2010年的积温和小麦产量资料,对日平均气温稳定通过0℃、10℃的初日、终日、初终间日数、积温的变化特征进行了分析;运用相关分析法探讨了生长期积温对小麦产量的影响。结果表明：近50年吉木乃县的积温变化是明显的,积温显著增多,≥0℃积温变率为83.7℃/10a,≥10℃积温变率为57.5℃/10a;稳定通过0℃和10℃界限温度初日提前、终日推后,初终间日数均呈增加的趋势。春夏季积温与春小麦产量的相关关系显著,当0℃积温距平每增加1℃时,小麦产量将增加0.15%;当10℃积温距平每增加1℃时,产量将增加0.12% 。积温变化使小麦冻害减轻,但干旱、干热风危害加大。     

设施番茄产量和品质对不同浓度CO2的响应

为了明确设施番茄对CO₂的生理响应及需求规律,以“美红2号”为试验材料,测定增施600、900、1 200 mg/kg的CO₂后,番茄的开花量、单株果数、果重、含糖量、含酸量及维生素C含量。结果表明：增施CO₂可以提高番茄花量25%～50%,提高单株结果数量,增产28.29%～51.04%,但对平均果重没有影响。与对照相比,增施CO₂20 d后,600、900、1 200 mg/kg处理的果实含糖量分别为5.27、5.49、5.65 g/kg,明显高于对照4.71 g/kg的含糖量;含酸量分别为2.48、2.23、2.02 g/kg,显著低于对照区3.03 g/kg的含酸量;维生素C含量分别为356.38、420.38、348.38 mg/kg,显著高于对照区260.88 mg/kg的含量,其中900 mg/kg处理对维生素C的提升效果最好。在温室中增施CO₂不但能提高番茄产量,还能有效改善番茄品质,适宜的剂量以900 mg/kg为宜。     

对既保冬小麦产量又防承压水耗竭的灌溉策略之探讨

我国深层地下水超采最严重的区域当属华北平原的河北省黑龙港地区,该区域的深层承压含水层面临枯竭的安全风险。然而,黑龙港地区作为我国优质冬小麦的重要产区和河北省冬小麦的主产区,肩负着河北省确保冬小麦这一重要口粮稳产的责任。因此,冬小麦生育期的灌溉策略必须在区域尺度上兼顾深层地下水的禁采和冬小麦产量的稳定,这也是当前黑龙港地区这个“华北平原地下水超采综合治理行动方案”重点实施区域的有关部门所亟需的。本文基于分布式农业水文模型的模拟研究及进一步的估算,表明：就黑龙港地区整体而言,在现状灌溉情形下冬小麦生育期多年平均所用的深层地下水开采量和其他用途的深层地下水开采量分别约为9.62×108 m3和12.47×108 m3。考虑到该区域生活和工业所用的深层地下水开采量目前大多已被南水北调中线工程的引水所置换,我们建议：进一步增加“南水北调东线一期工程北延应急供水工程”和“引黄入冀补淀工程”置换黑龙港地区冬小麦井灌所用深层地下水的水量,以满足外调引水9.62×108 m3用于冬小麦生育期进行渠灌的需求,如此才能既确保该地区冬小麦稳产又遏制深层地下水的超采态势。若外调引水量只可以分别满足在冬小麦生育期灌水3次、2次和1次的灌溉定额,则每年在冬小麦生育期所需的外调引水量分别约为8.21×108 m3、5.47×108 m3和2.74×108 m3。然而,与现状灌溉情形相比,冬小麦总产将分别减少约8%、34%和56%。总之,本研究可为相关部门就兼顾禁采深层地下水与稳定冬小麦产量而规划外调引水方案提供一定的参考。     

基于产量历史丰歉气象影响指数的河北省马铃薯产量预报

马铃薯是河北省主要种植作物之一,其生长发育和产量形成与气象条件密切相关,开展马铃薯产量预报对河北省粮食安全具有重要意义。本文利用河北省1982—2018年马铃薯产量数据、主产区24个气象站逐日气象资料,分别利用大概率法和加权平均法预报河北省马铃薯单产。产量预报模型对2001—2015年马铃薯产量预报试验结果表明,利用大概率法和加权平均法预报单产丰歉气象影响指数增减趋势平均准确率分别为62.2%和88.9%,定量预报平均准确率分别为84.2%和90.2%。对2016—2018年河北省马铃薯单产预报检验结果表明,大概率法在3年的9次预报中单产丰歉气象影响指数增减趋势有4次预报错误,加权平均法仅有1次错误;大概率法和加权平均法的平均定量预报准确率分别为86.9%和97.4%。加权平均法预报准确率高于大概率法,说明加权平均法更适合于河北省马铃薯产量预报。     

Numerical study of the biaxial compressive strength of high strength concrete based on a yield design micromechanical approach

This paper presents a numerical study of high strength concrete microstructure effects on its uniaxial and biaxial compressive strengths. Concrete is first represented as a set of angular aggregates interacting within a cement paste matrix. Then, a yield design kinematic approach is conducted at the mesoscopic scale in order to determine the concrete compressive strength for a given loading path. The proposed model, having a low computational cost, is able to capture the main microstructure effects already observed in literature on concrete uniaxial compressive strength, in particular, the aggregates volume fraction and maximal size effects. Finally, the proposed model also predicts the biaxial failure envelope of high strength concrete and confirms some experimental trends observed in literature.     

Sediment yield and transport process assessment from reservoir monitoring in a semi‐arid mountainous river

Soil loss, fluvial erosion, and sedimentation are major problems in semi‐arid environments due to the high associated costs of decreasing services such as provisioning and regulating water resources. The objective of this research is to analyse sediment yield in a mountainous semi‐arid basin, paying special attention to the sources of sediment, the associated uncertainties, and the transport processes involved. The segregation hypothesis along a reservoir of the sediment coming from hillslopes or fluvial systems is also evaluated. For this purpose, bottom‐set and deltaic deposits of a reservoir (110 hm³ ) in southern Spain have been measured and compared with basin erosion and fluvial transport monitoring over a 12‐year period. The volume of sediment stored at the bottomset of the reservoir shows a relative match with parametric predictions based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation/Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation hillslope models and rating curves, estimated as being between 7 and 13 t·ha^?1·year^?1. Similarly, the measured volume of deltaic deposit fits the average value of stochastic simulations from different bedload transport equations. These contributions represent 50–65% of the total volume measured regarding suspended sediment inputs, way above that described in previous works. This highlights the importance of considering bedload when estimating the useful life of reservoirs in semi‐arid environments. The major differences in sediment grain size between hillslopes and river systems, and the size fractions measured along the reservoir, support the assertion of segregation hypothesis. Nonetheless, based on the processes observed and the uncertainty related to modelling, that assertion has to be taken with caution. At basin scale, a specific sediment yield of between 19 and 24 t·ha^?1·year^?1 has been estimated, which includes hillslopes and fluvial contributions. This rate is in the range of sediment yield reported for Mediterranean mountain areas of a torrential character. The pulse‐like nature of the system and the spatial heterogeneity of fluvial and hillslope erosion rates points out the importance of considering mid to long‐term and process‐based approaches and emphasizes the limitations of annual estimations for management purposes.     

Simulating the Impacts of Global Warming on Wheat in China Using a Large Area Crop Model

Temperature is one of the most prominent environmental factors that determine plant growth,development, and yield.Cool and moist conditions are most favorable for wheat.Wheat is likely to be highly vulnerable to further warming because currently the temperature is already close to or above optimum.In this study,the impacts of warming and extreme high temperature stress on wheat yield over China were investigated by using the general large area model(GLAM) for annual crops.The results showed that each 1℃r...