Rock–support interaction analysis based on numerical modelling

The use of yield in supports to control the final loading that develops upon a support system has been one of the most important deformation control techniques used by tunnelling engineers, both historically and currently. Successful use of this approach requires a thorough understanding of the process of rock–support interaction as it is an approach that can fail dramatically if incorrectly applied. There is a fine line between the yield support technique improving the conditions, and the approach resulting in the development of a large area of failed rock, which could ultimately be detrimental. The relationship between the support action and the rock has historically been studied using analytical approaches with the application of significant simplifying assumptions.This paper presents a new approach, where a state-of-the-art numerical model is run repeatedly to develop rock–support interaction curves. This has the advantage of allowing more realistic tunnel geometry, stress states and ground conditions to be simulated. It does, however, use the familiar output form of the relatively simple rock–support interaction curve as opposed to complex and voluminous graphics. Its disadvantage lies in the considerable number of computer runs required to develop the full solutions. Computer software has, however, been written to automate much of this process using a programming language within the modelling package.The analysis approach has been further improved by plotting not one rock–support interaction curve but a whole family of curves representing variations in the rock mass quality of the assumed ground, since this is the most variable of the input parameters for most tunnelling situations. This form of output allows engineers to study the practical range of yield they may require for their rock conditions and also to define at what rock mass quality they can expect the yielding approach to cease to be an effective strategy. This new approach has been presented on a test case history with idealized rock mass properties to illustrate the approach. However, it is an approach that can be specially tailored to any set of rock conditions, tunnel geometry or stress.     

白城市水稻种植区灌溉用水的地球化学特征与水稻产量

本文对白城市水稻种植区灌溉用水的物理和化学特征进行了系统研究。结果表明：白城市水稻种植区的灌溉用水水源可以分为地表自流灌溉水、浅井灌溉水、深井灌溉水三种;不同水源的灌溉用水水质存在一定差异;灌溉用水的水质成分与土壤的元素组成存在着一定关系,且影响水稻的产量。     

中国粮食总产量预测方法研究

文中在计算气候生产力的基础上 ,将粮食产量分离成经济技术产量和气象产量。并利用化肥施用量、一季稻种植面积百分率和 1～ 3月份平均温度分别建立它们的预测模型。此方法计算简单、预测时效长、准确率较高 ,在业务服务中有着广泛的应用前景     

ASAR数据与水稻作物模型同化制作水稻产量分布图

提出了利用雷达数据进行水稻估产的技术方法,并以ASAR数据为例,探讨了雷达数据在水稻估产中的可行性.首先利用ASAR数据进行水稻制图,从各时相ASAR数据中提取水稻后向散射系数.随后,基于像元尺度,采用同化方法,以LAI为结合点,将水稻作物模型ORYZA2000与半经验水稻后向散射模型结合,建立嵌套模型模拟水稻后向散射系数.选择水稻出苗期和播种密度为参数优化对象,利用全局优化算法SCE-UA对0RYZA2000模型重新初始化,使模拟的水稻后向散射系数值与实测值误差最小,并由优化后的ORYZA2000模型计算每个像元的水稻产量,生成水稻产量分布图.结果表明,水稻产量分布图能够描绘研究区水稻实际产量的分布趋势,但由于采用潜在生长条件模拟,模拟的水稻平均产量比实测平均值高约13%,验证点的水稻产量模拟值与实测值相对误差为11.2%.由于半经验水稻后向散射模型存在对LAI变化不够敏感和对水层的简化处理,增加了水稻估产的误差.但从总体上看,利用该方法进行区域水稻估产是可行的,并为多云多雨地区的水稻遥感监测提供了重要参考.     

太湖渔业产量和结构变化及其对水环境的影响

依据太湖渔业和水环境监测资料,分析研究了1952～2006年太湖渔业产量、结构变化以及对水环境的影响.结果表明:1952～2006年太湖渔业总产量呈上升趋势;捕捞渔获物组成中,小型鱼类湖鲚为优势种,产量占渔获物比例从1952年的640.5t和15.8%增加至2006年的21130t和60.2%;而银鱼、鮊鱼、鲢鳙等其他鱼类在渔获物中比例大幅度下降,2006年渔获物组成远不及1952年合理.结果表明,太湖的逐渐富营养化、不合理的捕捞方式和过高的捕捞强度,以及太湖受改变的水力学特点等导致了这一变化.1991～2006年东太湖养殖渔业尤其是网围养蟹业迅速发展,养殖规模不断扩大后的大量投饵及不合理的水生植被利用方式给东太湖水环境带来了严重影响,东太湖水体现处于富营养状态.因此,需要控制太湖渔业捕捞强度、调整鱼种放流结构、加强鱼类资源繁殖保护,改善养殖渔业方式以及加强对湖泊水环境的综合整治,以使太湖渔业与水环境和谐可持续发展.     

Effect of outplanting time on commercial cultivation of kelp Laminaria saccharina at the southern limit in the Atlantic coast,N.W.Spain

The aim of the study is to examine the influence of the outplanting time on the cultivation of the kelp Laminaria saccharina in the northwestern Spain, close to its southern limit of distribution in the North Atlantic coast. We compared two L. saccharina cultures outplanted in February and December. We found that the starting time of outplanting affects to the yield and the substantiality value, as well as the growth rate. The yield, the substantiality value and the growth rates of L. saccharina sporophytes obtained for the trial outplanted in December were significantly higher than those in February. These results can be mainly explained by the effect of temperature on the growth of L. saccharina sporophytes during cultivation. On the other hand, our results show that even in the southern limit of distribution of L. saccharina, the cultivation of this species was very profitable in high yield and quality.     

Optimization of Stocking Density for the Sea Cucumber,Apostichopusjaponicus Selenka,Under Feed-Supplement and Non-Feed-Supplement Regimes in Pond Culture

Optimal stocking densities were investigated for the sea cucumber Apostichopusjaponicus Selenka under feed-supplement and non-feed-supplement regimes in net enclosures for 333 d. Substantial weight loss occurred during the aestivation phase （AE）. Decreased growth rates were also observed during the winter phase （WT）. In contrast, sea cucumbers showed rapid growth during the spring （SP） and autumn （AU） phases. Feeding regimes considerably influenced the growtb performance, i.e., sea cucumbers grew faster under feed-supplement regime than under non-feed-supplement regime （P 〈 0.05）. The average survival rates of sea cucumbers under feed-supplement regime were higher than those under non-feed-supplement regime for both the autumn phase and spring phase, but the differences were only significant for the latter phase （P〈 0.05）. The fitted B-N curves showed that the optimal stocking densities, in terms of net production, were 22.3 ind. m^-2 for feed-supplement regime and 14.1 ind. m^-2 for non-feed-supplement regime.     

Simple coprecipitation method combined with low-background γ-spectrometry: Determination of 7Be, 137Cs, 210Pb, and radium and thorium isotopes in small-volume coastal water samples

Application of a coprecipitation method combined with low-background γ-spectrometry allowed the isolation of ⁷Be, ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, and radium and thorium isotopes together with BaSO₄, Fe(OH)₃, or AMP/Cs in 18 L of coastal water. This simple method showed high chemical yields of 77–91% (mean, 85%) for ²¹⁰Pb and radium isotopes, 87–92% (mean, 91%) for 7Be and thorium isotopes, and 98% for ¹³⁷Cs. The activity of the nuclides showed good reproducibility with standard deviations of 1–8%, while the deviation of activity in particle-reactive ²¹⁰Pb (32%) and ⁷Be (21%) in filtered water samples was exceptionally large.     

Autumn photoproduction of carbon monoxide in Jiaozhou Bay,China

Carbon monoxide(CO) plays a significant role in global warming and atmospheric chemistry. Global oceans are net natural sources of atmospheric CO. CO at surface ocean is primarily produced from the photochemical degradation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM). In this study, the effects of photobleaching, temperature and the origin(terrestrial or marine) of CDOM on the apparent quantum yields(AQY) of CO were studied for seawater samples collected from Jiaozhou Bay. Our results demonstrat that photobleaching, temperature and the origin of CDOM strongly affected the efficiency of CO photoproduction. The concentration, absorbance and fluorescence of CDOM exponentially decreased with increasing light dose. Terrestrial riverine organic matter could be more prone to photodegradation than the marine algae-derived one. The relationships between CO AQY and the dissolved organic carbon-specific absorption coefficient at 254 nm for the photobleaching study were nonlinear, whereas those of the original samples were strongly linear. This suggests that: 1) terrestrial riverine CDOM was more efficient than marine algae-derived CDOM for CO photoproduction; 2) aromatic and olefinic moieties of the CDOM pool were affected more strongly by degradation processes than by aliphatic ones. Water temperature and the origin of CDOM strongly affected the efficiency of CO photoproduction. The photoproduction rate of CO in autumn was estimated to be 31.98 μmol m-2 d-1 and the total DOC photomineralization was equivalent to 3.25%- 6.35% of primary production in Jiaozhou Bay. Our results indicate that CO photochemistry in coastal areas is important for oceanic carbon cycle.     

Quantitative assessment of impacts of climate and economic-technical factors on grain yield in Jilin Province from 1980 to 2008

Climate change is one of the most important challenges threatening agricultural grain yield and food security. Determining the factors influencing grain yield in Jilin Province and the weights of their contribution are a very important task, because Jilin Province is an important agriculture base in China. In this study, the accumulation factor sequence evaluating data method was used to analyze the climate and economic-technical factor contribution weights to grain yield and grain yield changes in each city of Jilin Province. Climate yield was also estimated to study the climate effect on the grain yield, and it was calculated in two ways:an improved algorithm and a traditional quadratic method. The results show that the climate and economic-technical factors have different contribution weights to grain yield in different cities in Jilin Province. The contribution weight of the climate factor to grain yield was 0.212-0.349, while that the economic-technical factor was 0.651-0.788. Furthermore, the changes of the climate factor contributing to grain yield changes accounted for 0.296-0.546, and the changes of the economic-technical factor accounted for 0.454-0.704. The weights of climate and economic-technical factor contributing to grain yield are very different between the eastern and western cities in Jilin Province, but their weights contributing to the grain yield change are similar in these cities. In general, the amount of fertilizer used per hectare (FUPH) is the main factor affecting grain yields and yield changes from 1980 to 2008. It is noted that when the FUPH growth rate stabilized after 1995, the effects of the climate factor on the grain yield become more obvious than before. The improved algorithm is effective for estimating climate yield in Jilin Province, and the climate yields were mostly between-500 kg/ha and 500 kg/ha, and showed a slightly rising trend in most cities.