太湖鱼类区系变化和渔获物分析

20世纪80年代之前,太湖有鱼类107种、25科,属4个生态类型:洄游型、江湖洄游型、河流型和湖沼型.自2002年9月至2006年1月进行了太湖鱼类采集,共采得鱼类60种、18科.其中,除放流的鱼类外,都能在封闭的湖泊环境中完成生命周期(湖沼生态型);团头鲂、鲮、银鲫和尼罗罗非鱼属移植种类.团头鲂、鳙、鲢、草鱼和青鱼是从20世纪60年代起每年向湖中放流的鱼类;鳗鲡则是自1976年起放流从长江采捕的鳗苗.20世纪50年末至1985年,长江和太湖之间人为隔断,不能在静水中繁殖的鱼类在湖中消失,自然鱼类资源下降;加上过度捕捞和对繁殖群体缺少保护,导致鱼类群体小型化.最后,对太湖渔业资源的优化进行了讨论,并进一步提出对策.     

SEDIMENT YIELD IN TURKISH RIVERS

1INTRODUCTIONThegrowingsignificanceofhydraulicpotentialuseinTurkeyhastheattentionstoreliablelong-termhydrologicaldatacollectionfordesigningthehydroprojectseffectively.Sedimentloadtransportedbytileriveristhemostimportantoneamongthesehydrologicaldata.Earlydatacollectionbyin-situmeasurementswasinitiatedaround1958bytheGeneralDirectorateofStateHydraulicWorks(DSI)andcontinuedonlyfortheprojectsunderdesignperiod.However,earlystudiesofsystematicdatacollectionhavebeenstartedbytheGeneralDirector…     

江苏省1998年夏熟作物减产气象条件分析

江苏省１９９８年夏熟作物严重减产,导致减产的主要原因是气候异常,期间出现了罕见的全省性、全程性的涝渍害及冻、病等灾害,危害程度高,不可抗拒。作者对江苏省１９９８年夏熟作物减产的气象条件作出分析。     

Measurement of the Diurnal Variation of the OH Radical Concentration and Analysis of the Data by Modelling

Daily variations of the hydroxyl radical concentration have been measured during a campaign at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO) in June 1995. These measurements are compared with box model calculations, based on a slightly modified, second generation Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM2). Results from eight days of the comparison are presented. A detailed analysis and discussion of the different source and sink terms is given for two days: Julian Day (JD) 170 (19 June, and 178 (27 June). In both cases excellent agreement between the measurements and the calculation is obtained, indicating that the model describes the OH chemistry sufficiently well. Furthermore, the analysis of these days demonstrate that JD 170 is dominated by the NOx catalysed OH production, whereas JD 178 is influenced by OH formation via ozone photolysis.     

中国西南地区河流水文特性

对西南地区的山区、冰川—森林混合带和喀斯特等３种地貌类型的河流,从径流形成机理的角度对洪水过程与水量及其变化等特性作分析。     

桑沟湾水域浮游植物的光量子产值

于1989－1990年对山东半岛的桑沟湾水域进行了综合调查,利用对自然水域现场测量的方法,对浮游植物兀合色素对光的吸收及其光量子产值进行了4个季度月的测量和计算,目的是研究这种浅海养殖生态系统初级生产过程中的能量流动状况。结果表明,该海区光量子产值的范围为0.189×10-2molC／E－6．019×10-2molC／E;浮游植物吸收的光能占海面总吸收光能的0.9％－5.5％;浮游植物的光利用率为0.026％－0.101％,与其他海区相比,较为偏低。     

新疆阿勒泰地区中低产田及其改造措施

中低产田指农作物产量低下的耕地。中低产田生产潜力大,对其改造的经济和生态效益均大于新垦荒地,在水少地多和生态脆弱的干旱区尤其如此,对其加强研究与改造是十分重要的。阿勒泰地区中低产田分布广,面积大,成因复杂,在新疆有较好的代表性。本文论述阿勒泰地区中低产田的分布、类型,分析中低产田的成因,并提出改造措施。     

沙地春玉米孕穗期和开花期土壤水分与产量的关系研究

采用回归旋转正交组合设计,对盆栽春玉米进行了孕穗期和开花期不同土壤水分处理试验。建立了孕穗期(X₁)和开花期(X₂)土壤水分与产量(Y)的关系模型:Y=90.5+7.98X₁+6.97X₂-2.25X₁X₂+6.38X₁²-7.38X₂²。孕穗期的土壤相对含水量不应低于54%。开花期的理想土壤相对含水量为65%。     

Evaluating sediment yield at King Talal Reservoir from landslides along Irbid–Amman Highway

With a capacity of 86 MCM, King Talal Reservoir is considered a major water supply in Jordan. It was built exclusively to irrigate the land in the Jordan Valley. Unexpectedly, the design capacity of the reservoir was confronted by the elevated sediment inflows during and after the construction of the Irbid–Amman Highway in 1987. Since then the annual sediment inflow measured at the mouth of the reservoir was higher than expected in a similar year. Notably, the over-wet season of 1991/2, as a result of six major landslides along the highway, registered the highest sediment inflow into the reservoir. In the present work the fractional contribution of these landslides to total sediment yield at the reservoir was evaluated. The evaluation was made by applying the well-known erosion model, AGNPS (Young et al., USDA Conservation Research Report 35, 1987). To calibrate the model, it was successively applied from 1980/1 to 1990/1 on the measured sediment data before the occurrence of landslides. With a slight tune-up of some of the King Talal watershed erosion variables, fairly good agreement was obtained in some years. However, the disagreement noticed in other years might be attributed to some conservation measures practised in the watershed. Because the serious landslides occurred in the wet season of 1991/2, the model was run for the two scenarios in this year: with and without landslides. The difference in results represents the contribution of landslides to sediment yield at the reservoir. It is concluded, based on these results, that landslides, if continued without control, will definitely jeopardize the design capacity of the reservoir.     

一个基于广义塑性力学的土体三屈服面模型

按照广义塑性力学原理 ,以前人试验结果为依据 ,首次提出应力洛德角方向上剪切屈服面 V θ p的数学表达式 ,并建立土体的三屈服面模型。 结合数值算例 ,设计多种计算方案 ,通过对计算结果的分析和比较 ,表明模型的合理性和有效性 ,并探讨各种因素对土体变形的影响。