Estimation of spatially distributed surface energy fluxes using remotely‐sensed data for agricultural fields

Land surface energy fluxes are required in many environmental studies, including hydrology, agronomy and meteorology. Surface energy balance models simulate microscale energy exchange processes between the ground surface and the atmospheric layer near ground level. Spatial variability of energy fluxes limits point measurements to be used for larger areas. Remote sensing provides the basis for spatial mapping of energy fluxes. Remote‐sensing‐based surface energy flux‐mapping was conducted using seven Landsat images from 1997 to 2002 at four contiguous crop fields located in Polk County, northwestern Minnesota. Spatially distributed surface energy fluxes were estimated and mapped at 30 m pixel level from Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper images and weather information. Net radiation was determined using the surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) procedure. Applying the two‐source energy balance (TSEB) model, the surface temperature and the latent and sensible heat fluxes were partitioned into vegetation and soil components and estimated at the pixel level. Yield data for wheat and soybean from 1997 to 2002 were mapped and compared with latent heat (evapotranspiration) for four of the fields at pixel level. The spatial distribution and the relation of latent heat flux and Bowen ratio (ratio of sensible heat to latent heat) to crop yield were studied. The root‐mean‐square error and the mean absolute percentage of error between the observed and predicted energy fluxes were between 7 and 22 W m⁻² and 12 and 24% respectively. Results show that latent heat flux and Bowen ratio were correlated (positive and negative) to the yield data. Wheat and soybean yields were predicted using latent heat flux with mean R² = 0·67 and 0·70 respectively, average residual means of −4·2 bushels/acre and 0·11 bushels/acre respectively, and average residual standard deviations of 16·2 bushels/acre and 16·6 bushels/acre respectively (1 bushel/acre ≈ 0·087 m³ ha⁻¹). The flux estimation procedure from the SEBAL‐TSEB model was useful and applicable to agricultural fields. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessing crop yield benefits from in situ rainwater harvesting through contour ridges in semi-arid Zimbabwe

Rainwater harvesting through modified contour ridges known as dead level contours has been practiced in Zimbabwe in the last two decades. Studies have shown marginal soil moisture retention benefits for using this technique while results on crop yield benefits are lacking. This paper presents results from a field study for assessing the impact of dead level contours on soil moisture and crop yield carried out from 2009 to 2011 within the Limpopo River Basin. The experiments were carried out on two study sites; one containing silt loam soil and another containing sandy soil. Three treatments constituting dead level contoured plots, non-contoured plots and plots with the traditional graded contours were used on each site. All the three treatments were planted with a maize crop and managed using conventional farming methods. Planting, weeding and fertiliser application in the three treatments were done at the same time. Crop monitoring was carried out on sub plots measuring 4 m by 4 m established in every treatment. The development of the crop was monitored until harvesting time with data on plant height, leaf moisture and crop yield being collected. An analysis of the data shows that in the site with silt loam soil more soil moisture accumulated after heavy rainfall in dead level contour plots compared to the control (no contours) and graded contour plots (P < 0.05). However the maize crop experienced an insignificantly (P > 0.05) higher yield in the dead level contoured treatment compared to the non-contoured treatment while a significantly (P < 0.05) higher yield was obtained in the dead level contoured treatment when compared with a graded contoured treatment. Different results were obtained from the site with sandy soil where there was no significant difference in soil moisture after a high rainfall event of 60 mm/day between dead level contour plots compared to the control and graded contour plots. The yield from the dead level contoured treatment and that from the graded contoured treatment were comparable and both not significantly (P > 0.05) higher than that from the non-contoured treatment. This suggests that adopting dead level contours as an in situ rainwater harvesting technique results in crop yield benefits in fields with soil type conditions that enable runoff generation but is not likely to have benefit in soils with low runoff generation.     

地下水埋深对作物产量与水分利用效率的影响及作物系数变化

采用排水式蒸渗仪试验,研究不同地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响及其作物系数的变化,表明冬小麦和春玉米生育期的地下水位分别控制在1.5 m和1.0 m以下时产量和水分利用效率最为适宜,作物系数随地下水埋深的变化而变化,幅度可达到0.5～0.6,作物系数最大值处于1.2 m埋深处。研究结果可为地下水埋深较...     

热力学方法在土体动力Ramberg—Osgood模型中的应用研究

从Ramberg—Osgood模型的骨架曲线和滞回曲线出发,假定塑性中心的移动为直线,构造土体动力耗散函数,从热力学基本定律出发研究了土体动力耗散特性及动力变形机理．提出了反映筑坝堆石料动力特性的第1阌值应变和第2阈值应变,两个阈值应变主要受最大动剪切模量系数、指数及无黏性土的内摩擦角的影响．第1和第2阈值应变间屈服面...     

Net economic effects of achieving maximum economic yield in fisheries

Improving the economic performance of fisheries is becoming increasingly important in fisheries management, and in some cases, maximum economic yield (MEY) is set as a key management target. However, recent critics of MEY as a management target have argued that a decline in the level of fishing activity necessary to achieve the target will result in a subsequent loss of economic activity elsewhere in the economy and, potentially, a net loss to society. In this paper, an input–output framework is used to estimate the net economic effects of achieving MEY in several Australian fisheries for which there is information on their short- and long-term performances when moving towards MEY. While overall losses were found in the short term, achieving MEY was found to result in a net economic benefit to society in the longer term. Local coastal communities in particular were found to benefit, although some losses were incurred elsewhere in the economy.     

灰色灾变模型在蒋家沟泥石流年输沙量短期预测中的应用

根据蒋家沟泥石流年输沙量最近8年的实测资料,运用灰色系统理论的灾变预测方法建立了泥石流年输沙量的灾变预测模型,对未来可能出现的年输沙量超过200万立方米的灾变年份进行了预测,并引入等维新息模型,使短期灾变预测得以连续进行。     

THE GROUNDWATER RESOURCES AND ITSSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTIN THE SOUTH EDGE OF TARIM BASIN

1 INTRODUCTIONSustainability as present understand comes fromword protection strategy commission, which firstly putforward some wide excepted environmental sustainability principles and three important identifications forlife support system: soil, air and water. Then, in thereport of Our Common Future (WCED, 1987), theconcept of sustainable development is put to an outstanding level. Sustainable groundwater resources development is then a great issue in the recent years andthe future (…     

Implementation algorithm for a single hardening constitutive model for frictional materials

An advanced elasto‐plastic constitutive model for frictional materials, whose incremental version is presented in a companion paper (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 2002; 26 :647), is implemented in a user‐defined material module. The general calculation strategy inside this module is presented and discussed, including the initial intersection of the yield surface and the techniques for updating of stresses and hardening modulus. Several integration schemes are implemented in the module and their capabilities in relation to the advanced, three‐dimensional constitutive model are evaluated. The forward Euler, modified Euler, and Runge–Kutta–Dormand–Prince integration schemes are explained in detail, compared, and evaluated in view of error tolerances and computational efficiency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial non-stationary characteristics between grass yield and its influencing factors in the Ningxia temperate grasslands based on a mixed geographically weighted regression model

Spatial models are effective in obtaining local details on grassland biomass, and their accuracy has important practical significance for the stable management of grasses and livestock. To this end, the present study utilized measured quadrat data of grass yield across different regions in the main growing season of temperate grasslands in Ningxia of China (August 2020), combined with hydrometeorology, elevation, net primary productivity (NPP), and other auxiliary data over the same period. Accordingly, non-stationary characteristics of the spatial scale, and the effects of influencing factors on grass yield were analyzed using a mixed geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model. The results showed that the model was suitable for correlation analysis. The spatial scale of ratio resident-area index (PRI) was the largest, followed by the digital elevation model, NPP, distance from gully, distance from river, average July rainfall, and daily temperature range; whereas the spatial scales of night light, distance from roads, and relative humidity (RH) were the most limited. All influencing factors maintained positive and negative effects on grass yield, save for the strictly negative effect of RH. The regression results revealed a multiscale differential spatial response regularity of different influencing factors on grass yield. Regression parameters revealed that the results of Ordinary least squares (OLS) (Adjusted R² = 0.642) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) (Adjusted R² = 0.797) models were worse than those of MGWR (Adjusted R² = 0.889) models. Based on the results of the RMSE and radius index, the simulation effect also was MGWR > GWR > OLS models. Ultimately, the MGWR model held the strongest prediction performance (R² = 0.8306). Spatially, the grass yield was high in the south and west, and low in the north and east of the study area. The results of this study provide a new technical support for rapid and accurate estimation of grassland yield to dynamically adjust grazing decision in the semi-arid loess hilly region.     

基于SWAT模型的无资料流域产流产沙模拟

准确预报无资料地区的产流产沙,对土壤侵蚀治理具有重要的实践意义。为了研究南方红壤侵蚀区无观测资料流域的产流产沙情况,以福建省长汀县朱溪小流域为研究区,其次一级流域游屋圳子流域和高陂塅子流域分别为参证流域和无观测资料流域。采用相对误差(Re)、决定系数(R2)以及Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(Ens)评价了SWAT模型在游屋圳子流域的产流产沙模拟的适用性,基于地形指数判定了两子流域的水文相似性。结果表明:SWAT模型适用于游屋圳子流域的产流产沙模拟;游屋圳子流域与高陂塅子流域具有水文相似性,说明两子流域间可以进行模型参数移植;经模型参数移植,模拟得2010年高陂塅子流域年径流量为1.32×107m3,年产沙量为2 200 t。模拟结果不仅为小流域的水土保持治理提供参考,也为其他无资料流域的产流产沙模拟提供方法借鉴。