不同提取缓冲液对红树林土壤DNA提取品质的影响

针对1种典型的酸性、高有机质含量类型土壤-红树林土壤,从DNA产量、DNA纯度、土壤腐殖酸类物质的提取量以及DNA提取物PCR(polymerase chain reaction)扩增反应的敏感度等方面比较了不同提取缓冲液对土壤DNA品质的影响.结果表明,酸性SDS(sodium dodecyl sulfate)提取缓冲液所获得的土壤DNA产量及纯度均较低;PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone)提取缓冲液所获得的土壤DNA产量较高,但土壤腐殖酸类物质的提取量亦远高于其他提取缓冲液;酸性SDS提取缓冲液及PVP提取缓冲液所获得的土壤DNA提取物即使稀释到10-3量级亦不能获得目的基因PCR扩增条带.PVPP(polyvinylpolypyrrolidone)提取缓冲液及CTAB(cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide)+PVPP提取缓冲液所获得的土壤DNA产量较PVP提取缓冲液低,但其纯度较高,并且其纯度随提取缓冲液中PVPP浓度的升高而提高;当2%PVPP提取缓冲液及CTAB+PVPP提取缓冲液所获得的土壤DNA提取物分别稀释到10-2及10-1量级时,均能获得PCR扩增条带.综上所述,酸性提取缓冲液及PVP提取缓冲液不适用于酸性、高有机质含量类型土壤DNA的提取,而2%PVPP提取缓冲液及CTAB+PVPP提取缓冲液均能提高此类土壤DNA的提取品质.     

Lidar observations of subvisual atmospheric phenomena: Research note

Abstract

The systematic error of a large ensemble of 72 ‐h forecasts, as produced by the Canadian Meteorological Centre's spectral model, is studied with particular emphasis on its seasonal and spatial character. By decomposing the error into wavenumber space, we show that most of the error manifests itself in the long planetary waves. We find that the model displays a large systematic error in zonal wavenumber one, which systematically moves westward during each integration.     

长江流域侵蚀产沙尺度效应的区域分异

以长江流域水文站点的观测数据为依据,基于一定的分区原则,将整个长江流域分成了8个区域,对所有分区产沙模数的尺度效应进行了深入分析.研究表明,所有分区产沙模数的尺度效应可以概括为三类:产沙模数随流域面积的增大而减小,或先减小后基本保持不变的,主要包括长江中下游干流沿岸区域,岷江主体区域,洞庭湖流域和鄱阳湖流域;产沙模数随流域面积的增大基本保持不变的,包括嘉陵江主体区域和汉江流域;产沙模数随流域面积增大而增大,或先增大后基本保持不变的,包括长江上游干流沿岸的非泥石流区域和乌江流域.不同流域尺度效应的差异主要与流域土地利用方式有关.基于各分区校正方程,将所有站点进行了标准面积为100 km2,1 000 km2,10 000 km2的尺度校正,结果表明,当校正面积为100 km2,侵蚀最强烈的区域主要是岷江流域,其次是鄱阳湖和洞庭湖流域,校正面积为1 000 km2和10 000 km2,产沙模数图变化不显著,但明显区别于校正面积为100km2下的产沙模数图.侵蚀最强烈的区域主要是嘉陵江流域,其次是长江上游干流沿岸的部分区域和汉江流域的部分区域.不同校正面积下产沙模数图的变化,显示了不同流域侵蚀来源的差异.     

Numerical versus field studies of delayed yield in response to a moving water-table

As pumping proceeds in an unconfined aquifer the water-table is lowered and slowly drains out of the initially saturated material giving a delayed yield from storage. Although considerable work has been carried out on delayed yield, a definitive solution is still lacking. The unsaturated zone was treated here as a significant factor in delayed yield analysis. The one-dimensional unsaturated flow equation was solved numerically to simulate the flow in the zone located between successive water levels in the unconfined aquifer for the case with zero flux at the upper boundary. The moisture content distribution curve was integrated numerically to determine the amount of water drained with time. The study shows that the numerical results are in close agreement with the monitored field data, which implies the important role of the unsaturated zone and the reliability of the numerical simulation in describing this physical phenomenon. The results show that the relationship between the flux and time is sensibly in exponential form, which agrees with the general applicability of Boulton's assumption.     

Experimental investigation of bedload transport processes under unsteady flow conditions

Hydraulic engineering is usually based on theoretical analysis and/or numerical modelling simulation. As the dynamic behaviour of sediment movement under unsteady flow is still unclear, and field measurement is comparatively difficult during a large flood, prior investigations through flume experiments are required. A series of flume experiments, conducted using different inflow hydrographs without sediment supply from upstream, was carried out to investigate the sediment transport process under unsteady flow conditions. A series of triangular hydrographs were performed in the experiments. The results indicate that a temporal lag was found between the flow hydrograph peak and the sediment hydrograph peak because large size sand dunes lasted for a short period in the falling limb of the flow hydrograph. The temporal lag was found to be about equal to 6–15% of the flow hydrograph duration. Owing to the temporal lag, the total bedload yield in the rising period was less than that in the falling period. Furthermore, the measured total bedload yield in the unsteady flow experiments was larger than the predicted value, which was estimated by using the results obtained from the equivalent steady flow experiment. The peak bedload transport rate for unsteady flow conditions was also larger than the predicted value. The ratios of the measured to the predicted quantities mentioned above were found to be constant values for different shapes of hydrographs. It is, therefore, expected that the analytical results of sediment transport from equivalent steady flow can be a good reference for sediment transport under unsteady flow conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sediment yield modelling for small agricultural catchments: land‐cover parameterization based on remote sensing data analysis

Vegetation and soil properties and their associated changes through time and space affect the various stages of soil erosion. The island of Ishigaki in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan is of particular concern because of the propensity of the red‐soil‐dominated watersheds in the area to contribute substantial sediment discharge to adjacent coastal areas. This paper discusses the application of remote sensing techniques in the retrieval of vegetation and soil parameters necessary for the distributed soil‐loss modelling in small agricultural catchments and analyses the variation in erosional patterns and sediment distribution during rainfall events using numerical solutions of overland flow simulations and sediment continuity equations. To account for the spatial as well as temporal variability of selected parameters of the soil‐loss equations, a method is proposed to account for the variability of associated vegetation cover based on their spectral characteristics as captured by remotely sensed data. To allow for complete spatial integration, modelling the movement of sediment is accomplished under a loose‐coupled GIS computational framework. This study lends a theoretical support and empirical evidence to the role of vegetation as a potential agent for soil erosion control. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

靖安油田北东区局部构造与石油富集关系研究

鄂尔多斯盆地的形成演化进入第四阶段时,靖安油田北东部发育了延长组和延安组沉积,它们是主力产油层.区内石油产层的局部构造主要分为岩性差异压实作用所形成的局部性隆起;古地形突起上覆地层形成的披覆构造;由差异升降作用造成,但相对较少且不易与前两类区分.区内的局部构造与石油开发关系密切,直接影响油井产量.     

An evaluation of the universal soil loss equation and field techniques for assessing soil erosion on a tropical alfisol in western Nigeria

Four techniques for soil erosion assessment were compared over two consecutive seasons for bare-fallow plots and a maize-cowpea sequence in 1985 at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. The techniques used were: tracer (aluminium paint), nails (16 and 25), the rill method, and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Soil loss estimated by these techniques was compared with that determined using the runoff plot technique. There was significantly more soil loss (P < 0·01) in bare-fallow than in plots under maize (Zea mays) or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). In the first season, soil loss from plots sown to maize was 40·2 Mg ha^?1 compared with 153·3 Mg ha^?1 from bare-fallow plots. In the second season, bare-fallow plots lost 87·5 Mg ha^?1 against 39·4 Mg ha^?1 lost from plots growing cowpea. The techniques used for assessing erosion had no influence on the magnitude of soil erosion and did not interfere with the processes of erosion. There was no significant difference (P < 0·05) between soil erosion determined by the nails and the runoff plot technique. Soil loss determined on six plots (three under maize, three bare-fallow) by the rill technique, at the end of the season, was significantly lower (P < 0·05) than that determined by the runoff plot technique. The soil loss estimated by the rill method was 143·2, 108·8 and 121·9 Mg ha^?1 for 11, 11, and 8 per cent slopes respectively, in comparison with 201·5, 162·0, and 166·4 Mg ha^?1 measured by the runoff plot method. Soil loss measured on three bare-fallow plots on 10 different dates by the rill technique was also significantly lower (P < 0·01) than that measured by the runoff plot. In the first season the USLE significantly underestimated soil loss. On 11, 11, and 8 per cent slopes, respectively, soil loss determined by the USLE was 77, 92, and 63 per cent of that measured by the runoff plot. However, in the second season there was no significant difference between soil loss determined by the USLE and that determined by the conventional runoff plot technique.