Numerical simulation of debris flow with application on hazard area mapping

A numerical program developed for field application is presented in this paper. We use the generalized Julien and Lan [8] rheological model to simulate debris flows. Due to the derivative discontinuous nature of the constitutive law, flow is separated into plug region and bottom region (with stress greater than yield stress). The program solves the plug flow layer solution first, and then corrects the solution with the bottom layer approximation. Numerical scheme with upwind method and central difference in space and Adam–Bashforth third-order scheme in time is used for both layers. The scheme is tested against analytical solutions and laboratory experiments with very good results. Application to a field case with more complicated geometry also achieves good agreement, with error less than 5% compared to field measurements. The final example demonstrates how this numerical program is used in a preliminary design.     

An analytical solution of one-dimensional consolidation for soft sensitive soil ground

An analytical solution of one-dimensional consolidation for soft sensitive soil ground is presented. The moving boundary is introduced to indicate the notable change of consolidation behaviour of sensitive soil with the increase of stress level. It is assumed that the soil structure of the upper subsoil gradually destroys downwards with the dissipation of pore pressure, and the coefficient of consolidation as well as the coefficient of permeability of the upper subsoil become small, which hinders the dissipation of pore pressure of the lower subsoil. The consolidation degree curve obtained from the present solution is found to lie between the two curves obtained from Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation solution with the parameters of the undisturbed soil and the remolded soil. The calculated results provide a new explanation for a general phenomenon in the consolidation of soft sensitive soil ground, as that for high loadings the consolidation is longer than for small ones. It should be pointed out from this study that both the deep mixing method and the long vertical drains methods are effective techniques for improving deep sensitive soil ground. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

极限分析有限元法讲座Ⅲ--增量加载有限元法求解地基极限承载力

利用有限元法,通过增量加载的方式来求解地基极限承载力。随着荷载的逐渐增加,地基由初始的线性弹性状态逐渐过渡到塑性流动的极限破坏状态,此时有限元的计算将不收敛。它不但可以获得地基的极限荷载的值及荷载-位移关系,而且还能得到经典极限分析法中所采用到的破坏机构。当采用关联流动法则或采用剪胀角为 φ/2 的非关联流动法则时,获得的破坏机构与 Prandtl 的破坏机构一样。对 Prandtl 解的经典算例进行了分析,结果表明:屈服准则的选用对计算结果的影响很大,选择与实际问题相匹配的屈服准则方能得到比较精确的结果。在求解平面应变问题时,在关联流动法则条件下,采用Mohr-Coulomb 内切圆屈服准则,或在非关联流动法则下采用 Mohr-Coulomb 匹配 DP 准则所得结果与 Prandtl 精确解极为接近,可望应用于实际工程分析中。     

气候变化对我国小麦发育及产量可能影响的模拟研究

利用随机天气模型, 将气候模式对大气中CO₂倍增时预测的气候情景与CERES-小麦模式相连接, 研究了气候变化对我国冬小麦和春小麦生产的可能影响.结果表明, 气候变化后小麦发育将加快, 生育期缩短, 冬小麦平均缩短7.3天, 春小麦平均缩短10.5天, 春小麦生育期缩短的绝对数和相对数均大于冬小麦.籽粒产量呈下降趋势, 冬小麦平均减产7%~8%, 雨养条件下比水分适宜时减产幅度略大.春小麦的减产幅度大于冬小麦, 水分适宜时平均减产17.7%, 雨养时平均减产31.4%.     

冬小麦土壤深松保墒增产效应试验研究

采用土壤深松 45cm、30 cm处理打破犁底层 ,1 996～ 1 998年连续进行 2个年度的冬小麦保墒、增产效应田间试验 .试验结果表明 :土壤深松处理后可减少冬小麦全生育期 0～ 1 0 0 cm的作物耗水量 ,促进根系对 1 0 0～ 2 0 0 cm土层土壤水分的利用 ,提高冬小麦的产量耗水比 .土壤深松处理能明显增加 0～ 30 cm土层的土壤湿度和含水量 ,降低 0～ 50 cm土层的土壤容重 .有利于冬小麦根系、茎、叶的生长发育和总生物量的累积 .土壤深松 45cm处理 2年平均冬小麦增产 7.0 % ,土壤深松 30 cm处理第一年增产 7.7% .冬小麦土壤深松保墒增产效应的适宜深松深度为 30 cm.     

石河子冬小麦生长发育及产量的计算机模拟

用几种生物数学模型对冬小麦生育及产量进行了模拟 ,并运用 1996～ 1998年的实测资料对输出结果进行了对比和检验。     

The wind-water two-phase erosion and sediment-producing processes in the middle Yellow River basin, China

Based on data from the middle Yellow River basin, a wind-water two-phase mechanism for erosion and sediment-producing processes has been found. By using this mechanism, the extremely strong erosion and sediment yield in the study area can be better explained. The operation of wind and water forces is different in different seasons within a year. During winter and spring, strong wind blows large quantities of eolian sand to gullies and river channels, which are temporally stored there. During the next summer, rainstorms cause runoff that contains much fine loessic material and acts as a powerful force to carry the previously prepared coarse material. As a result, hyperconcentrated flows occur, resulting in high-intensity erosion and sediment yield.     

广义塑性力学的加卸载准则与土的本构模型——广义塑性力学讲座(3)

首先介绍了广义塑性力学的加卸载准则,该准则能准确判断各应变分量的加卸载状态,可以方便地应用于数值分析。然后提出了基于广义塑性力学的土本构模型。通过试验,给出了硬化压缩土和硬化剪胀土的屈服条件与计算参数,并由算例说明了其合理性。     

广义塑性力学中的屈服面与应力-应变关系

详细讨论了广义塑性力学中屈服面和塑性势面的对应关系以及岩土材料的三类屈服面(即体积屈服面与 q 方向上及方向上的剪切屈服面)的基本特征, 尤其是提出了能考虑剪胀与剪缩的体积屈服面和应力 Lode 角θσ方向的剪切屈服面。指出在广义塑性力学中不必采用硬化定律, 就能得出塑性应变增量与应力增量的关系, 给出了求弹塑性矩阵的方法。     

干旱胁迫下秸秆覆盖增强玉米耐旱性的研究

田间试验于1994- 2000年在吉林省西部半干旱地区洮南市幸福乡实施,试验田包括露地栽培和秸秆覆盖栽培两个处理,覆盖区于玉米植株5叶期用粉碎的长度为2~3的玉米和小麦秸秆全面覆盖,随机区阻设计,重复4次,试验区每年重新安排,以免上一年的覆盖物对试验结果产生影响。于5叶期在每个小区的中部连续标记10株,以后跟踪调查记录,子粒达生理成熟时收获。研究结果表明:秸秆覆盖前处理与对照的土壤含水量无差异,而5叶期实施秸秆覆盖处理的土壤含水量显著高于对照,这种效应一直持续到7月的第二周。6月10日、6月25日和7月15日秸秆覆盖处理的土壤含水量分别比对照高12.86%、7.17%和2.86%,这就保证了玉米植株的根系和地上部生长发育对水分的需求。在半干旱地区及干旱年份实施秸秆覆盖处理可提高田间土壤水分含量、促进玉米植株中后期的生长发育、提高单株叶面积和干物质重、有利于雌穗分化发育、改善穗部性状、增加单穗粒数和粒重、最终增加子粒产量。因此,可把秸秆覆盖作为玉米综合抗旱栽培措施中的一项措施加以实施。