不同环境风场条件下两次华南西部低涡暴雨个例对比分析

利用常规观测资料、FY 2C卫星TBB资料、自动站降水量以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2009年7月3-4日(简称“09.7”)和2008年6月1 6 1 7日(简称“08.6”)两次发生在华南西部的低涡暴雨过程进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)低涡是两次暴雨过程的直接影响系统,“09.7”过程伴随西南低空急流,“08.6”过程无低空急流配合,中尺度辐合可能在两次强降水过程中有着直接的触发作用.(2)“09.7”过程的低层辐合强度及上升运动强度明显强于“08.6”过程.“09.7”过程较“08.6”过程,暖平流强度明显偏强,等温度平流线也较密集.(3)相比“08.6”过程,“09.7”过程水汽净流量更大,这是西南低空急流将充足水汽往暴雨区输送的结果.(4)“09.7”和“08.6”两次暴雨过程均与高空西风急流南侧的垂直环流圈密切相关,“09.7”过程由于低空有急流存在,上升运动维持时间长,降水强度大,历时长,“08.6”过程广西境内低空无急流,上升运动维持时间短,降水强度偏弱,历时短.     

2012年早春广西高架雷暴冰雹天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料和雷达资料,对2012年早春广西高架强雷暴冰雹天气过程进行分析,得出以下结论:(1)冰雹伴随雷暴发生在地面锋后约1000 km,边界层为冷高压控制.850 hPa风速较小,700 hPa以上层有强急流,700～850 hPa有强的垂直风切变,500 hPa高空冷槽东移为对流的发生提供触发条件.(2)冰雹发生在850 hPa切变线南北两侧约200 km范围,等压面锋区强度大;高空槽前正负变温使700～500 hPa垂直方向温度差大,导致层结对流不稳定性加大.当500 hPa低槽移至强锋区上空时,锋面坡度变陡,上升运动加强,不稳定性增大,使得冰胚在对流层中层增长而形成冰雹.(3)风暴追踪信息显示风暴生成高度高,在垂直方向上倾斜增长;质心均在5～6 km,风暴生成后,随着时间的推移逐渐向低层发展,最大反射率以及液态含水量均不大,具有明显高架雷暴特征.     

红外高光谱资料近地面通道应用

由于下垫面的复杂性,卫星近地面通道的辐射率资料没有得到充分开发和利用。就我国自主研发的GRAPES 3DVar而言,红外高光谱近地面通道资料还没有应用于陆地,即使在下垫面相对简单的海洋,由于背景场海表温度估计不够准确,红外高光谱资料的使用效果也不甚理想。针对GRAPES模式的背景场海表温度估计不够准确这一问题,本文利用大气红外探测仪器AIRS(The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)辐射率观测资料通过一维变分（1DVar）方法对其晴空视场点内的背景场海表温度进行调整,再运用GRAPES全球分析预报系统进行同化分析,研究了海表温度调整后对分析场的影响。结果表明,利用一维变分调整后的海表温度不仅使得低层通道的模拟亮温与观测亮温更加匹配,而且有效地改进了分析场,对位势高度场高、中、低层均有不错的改进,对低层湿度场以及风场的改进也较为明显。     

中国小冰期气候研究综述

通过对小冰期研究文献进行综述,并对已发表的小冰期温度和降水数据进行综合对比分析,探讨小冰期时期中国气候特征的区域性.结果表明,小冰期在中国地区不同区域代用指标记录中均存在,但是小冰期的起讫及持续时间具有区域差异性,温湿配置也不尽相同.小冰期的起始时间主要呈现出由西向东推移的趋势,即青藏高原最早,华北地区次之而东部地区最晚.温湿配置的差异主要体现在东部季风区小冰期时期总体上是冷干的气候环境,而西部地区气候变化则呈现冷湿的气候特征.     

基于遥感的土壤电阻率估算研究

以我国长江中下游的南京及其周边15个市(县)为例,采用野外测定、室内分析与遥感反演相结合的方法,开展了土壤电阻率估算研究.选用影响土壤电阻率的土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤可溶盐总量与土壤阳离子交换量等4个主要因子,遥感反演土壤水分和温度空间分布,以获取估算土壤电阻率所需要的主要参数;采用偏最小二乘二次多项式(PLSQM)模型对不同地表覆盖类型下的土壤电阻率进行估算,PLSQM估算模型的估算值与实测值的相关系数达到0.85,平均相对误差(MRE)为19.02%,均方根误差(RMSE)为7.79.结果表明,草地、农田、林地3种不同地表覆盖类型下土壤电阻率有明显差异,PLSQM模型实现了较高估算精度,具有较好的应用潜力.     

1208号台风“韦森特”异常路径及其对珠三角南部暴雨影响成因分析

利用1°×1°NCEP再分析资料、全省遥测站资料、卫星云图、香港雷达图等资料,分析台风“韦森特”的环流背景场、物理量场特征,找出“韦森特”在南海中北部原地摆动和对珠三角南部强降水过程的物理成因：“韦森特”的原地摆动,与副热带高压、南海中部海温、还有台风内在的云系和风场结构的不对称有关;珠三角地区两侧附近存在弱的水汽通量辐合,在降水中心附近存在明显的上升运动,低层辐合、高层辐散,另外垂直螺旋场与降水中心的第一段降水期具有很好的对应关系.     

地温异常数据原因分析及处理方法

针对地温异常数据种类,结合天气学原理、气象要素的时间、空间变化规律和各要素间相互联系的规律进行分析,找出导致异常数据原因,提出相应的处理方法,尽可能使缺测的要素及缺测时次减小到最小值,最大限度地保证资料的完整.     

1957—2011年牙克石市低温气候特征分析

文章主要通过利用牙克石市1957—2011年(历年1—3、11—12月)的低温气候资料进行分析,找出牙克石市近55a来的低温气候变化特点。得出了低温天数的年、月变化以及与极端最低气温的对应关系,牙克石55a来共计出现低温天气673d,低温日数年际变化大,最长为47d,最少为1d,低温出现的高峰期在历年的1月份,低温强度最大值也在1月份。55a中≤-37℃低温最长连续日数长达17d,其次是13d。文章还利用Mann-kendall检验方法对低温年际变化进行了突变分析,分析发现在1984年发生了明显的突变,突变呈减少的趋势。     

ANNUAL VARIATIONS OF TEMPERATURE ON FOUR URBAN UNDERLYING SURFACES AND FITTING ANALYSIS

Based on the observed 2-year temperature data for four kinds of typical urban underlying surfaces, including asphalt, cement, bare land and grass land, the annual variations and influencing factors of land surface temperature are analyzed. Then fitting equations for surface temperature are established. It is shown that the annual variation of daily average, maximum and minimum temperature and daily temperature range on the four urban underlying surfaces is consistent with the change in air temperature. The difference of temperature on different underlying surfaces in the summer half year (May to October) is much more evident than that in the winter half year (December to the following April). The daily average and maximum temperatures of asphalt, cement, bare land and grass land are higher than air temperature due to the atmospheric heating in the daytime, with that of asphalt being the highest, followed in turn by cement, bare land and grass land. Moreover, the daily average, maximum and minimum temperature on the four urban underlying surfaces are strongly impacted by total cloud amount, daily average relative humidity and sunshine hours. The land surface can be cooled (warmed) by increased total cloud amount (relative humidity). The changes in temperature on bare land and grass land are influenced by both the total cloud amount and the daily average relative humidity. The temperature parameters of the four land surfaces are significantly correlated with daily average, maximum and minimum temperature, sunshine hours, daily average relative humidity and total cloud amount, respectively. The analysis also indicates that the range of fitting parameter of a linear regression equation between the surface temperature of the four kinds of typical land surface and the air temperature is from 0.809 to 0.971, passing the F-test with a confidence level of 0.99.     

Intraseasonal Oscillation in Global Ocean Temperature Inferred from Argo

The intraseasonal oscillation(ISO;14-97-day periods) of temperature in the upper 2000 m of the global ocean was studied based on Argo observations from 2003-2008.It is shown that near the surface the ISO existed mainly in a band east of 60 E,between 10 S and 10 N,and the region around the Antarctic Circumpolar Current(ACC).At other levels analyzed,the ISOs also existed in the regions of the Kuroshio,the Gulf Stream,the Indonesian throughflow,the Somalia current,and the subtropical countercurrent(STCC) of the North Pacific.The intraseasonal signals can be seen even at depths of about 2000 m in some regions of the global ocean.The largest amplitude of ISO appeared at the thermocline of the equatorial Pacific,Atlantic and Indian Ocean,with maximum standard deviation(STD) exceeding 1.2 C.The ACC,the Kuroshio,and the Gulf Stream regions all exhibited large STD for all levels analyzed.Especially at 1000 m,the largest STD appeared in the south and southeast of South Africa-a part of the ACC,with a maximum value that reached 0.5 C.The ratios of the intraseasonal temperature variance to the total variance at 1000 m and at the equator indicated that,in a considerable part of the global deep ocean,the ISO was dominant in the variations of temperature,since such a ratio exceeded even 50% there.A case study also confirmed the existence of the ISO in the deep ocean.These results provide useful information for the design of field observations in the global ocean.Analysis and discussion are also given for the mechanism of the ISO.