A further investigation of the decadal variation of ENSO characteristics with instability analysis

Based on instability theory and some former studies, the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation （SODA） data are analyzed to further study the difference between the propagation of the ENSO-related oceanic anomaly in the off-equatorial North Pacific Ocean before and after 1976. The investigation shows that after 1976 in the off-equatorial North Pacific Ocean, there is a larger area where the necessary conditions for baroclinic and/or barotropic instability are satisfied, which may help oceanic anomaly signals propagating in the form of Rossby waves to absorb energy from the mean currents so that they can grow and intensify. The baroclinic energy conversion rate in the North Pacific after 1976 is much higher than before 1976, which indicates that the baroclinic instability has intensified since 1976. Prom another perspective, the instability analysis gives an explanation of the phenomena that the ENSO-related oceanic anomaly signal in the North Pacific has intensified since 1976.     

副高脊线的月内振荡对汉江上游秋汛的影响

利用1951—2014年中国台站逐日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过突变检验、周期分析等方法,研究了秋季9—10月副高脊线的年代际变化和月内振荡特征及其与汉江上游秋季降水存在的可能关联。结果表明:秋季副高脊线位置在1997年前后发生了突变,这与秋季副高强度的突变时间存在着较为明显的差异。秋季副高脊线位置发生突变后,与1997年之前相比明显偏北,且偏北日数增多,同时月内振荡也较脊线突变前偏强,与之对应的华西秋雨的降水量也随之增多。当其准双周周期较强时,汉江上游9—10月容易降水偏多;而相反地,脊线准双周周期弱时,则更易发生少雨。     

基于有限元法的土石坝除险加固渗流问题分析

土石坝坝体在坝前水位作用下极易产生渗流,为研究坝体加固对渗透水压的影响,针对具体水库实例,采用有限元法对除险加固前/后的坝体进行渗透坡降、单宽渗流量、准流网等计算,分析3种工况下的渗流过程,为土石坝的除险加固设计提供参考。结果表明:加固后上游坡各工况下的安全系数明显提高,其中单宽渗流量最大,可达0.636m~3/d,远大于规范允许值。     

Effects of westward shoaling pycnocline on characteristics and energetics of internal solitary wave in the Luzon Strait by numerical simulations

An internal gravity wave model was employed to simulate the generation of internal solitary waves(ISWs) over a sill by tidal flows. A westward shoaling pycnocline parameterization scheme derived from a three-parameter model was adopted, and then 14 numerical experiments were designed to investigate the influence of the pycnocline thickness, density difference across the pycnocline, westward shoaling isopycnal slope angle and pycnocline depth on the ISWs. When the pycnocline thickness on both sides of the sill increases, the total barotropic kinetic energy, total baroclinic energy and ratio of baroclinic kinetic energy(KE) to available potential energy(APE) decrease, whilst the depth of isopycnal undergoing maximum displacement and ratio of baroclinic energy to barotropic energy increase. When the density difference on both sides of the sill decreases synchronously, the total barotropic kinetic energy, ratio of baroclinic energy to barotropic energy and total baroclinic energy decrease, whilst the depth of isopycnal undergoing maximum displacement increases. When the westward shoaling isopycnal slope angle increases, the total baroclinic energy increases whilst the depth of turning point almost remains unchanged. When the depth of westward shoaling pycnocline on both sides of the sill reduces, the ratio of baroclinic energy to barotropic energy and total baroclinic energy decrease, whilst the total barotropic kinetic energy and ratio of KE to APE increase. When one of the above four different influencing factors was increased by 10% while the other factors keep unchanged, the amplitude of the leading soliton in ISW Packet A was decreased by 2.80%, 7.47%, 3.21% and 6.42% respectively. The density difference across the pycnocline and the pycnocline depth are the two most important factors in affecting the characteristics and energetics of ISWs.     

水体对精化局部似大地水准面的影响

在精化局部似大地水准面时,由于对大地水准面精度的要求不高或者精化区域的水下地形数据缺乏等因素,往往很少考虑湖泊水体对局部似大地水准面的影响。本文将通过分析水体对局部地形改正和地形均衡改正的影响,然后通过实例计算得出了湖泊水体对精化局部似大地水准面的影响。     

First and second baroclinic mode responses of the tropical Indian Ocean to interannual equatorial wind anomalies

The combined and individual responses of the first and second baroclinic mode dynamics of the tropical Indian Ocean to the well-known Indian Ocean Dipole mode (IOD) wind anomalies are investigated. The IOD forced first baroclinic Rossby waves arrive at the western boundary in three months, while the reflected component from the eastern boundary with opposite phase arrives in five to six months, both carry input energy to the west. The inclusion of the second baroclinic mode slows down the wave propagation by mode coupling and stretches the energy spectrum to a relatively longer time scale. The total energy exists in the equatorial wave guide for at least five months from the forcing, as much as 10% of that of the atmospheric input, which mainly dissipates at the western boundary. The individual responses of the ocean to IOD interannual wind anomaly show that the significant modes of oceanic anomalies are confined to a wave guide of 10° on either side of the equator.     

Spectral modification and geographic redistribution of the semi-diurnal internal tide

A realistic-geometry global baroclinic tidal model forced with a single tidal constituent $(M_2)$ is used to investigate the generation of the internal tide and the associated radiated baroclinic energy flux. The model internal wave spectrum is populated at discrete frequency multiples $(1/2\text{,}1\text{,}3/2\text{,}2\text{,}5/2\text{,}\dots )$ of $M_2$. The $1/2M_2$ subharmonic is particularly energetic at its turning latitude of $\pm 28.8°$. Poleward only integer superharmonics of $M_2$ are significantly excited. The subharmonic turning latitude (SHTL) disturbance has high vertical wavenumber and shear, provided that internal tide energy level exceeds a threshold value. Under these circumstances, Richardson numbers smaller than 1/4 occur in the upper few hundred meters in both the realistic-geometry model and in a complimentary idealized geometry two-dimensional (2D) model. In the 2D model, the disturbance enables Richardson number dependent diapycnal entrainment to effect a modification of the stratification of the upper 400 m of the ocean, and poleward cross-SHTL energy flux falls to 10% of its pre-instability value due to energy transfer to the non-propagating (i.e., inertial) subharmonic. Realistic-geometry simulations suggest a more modest 40% decrease in net flux, although the strongest beams are almost entirely shut down. The predicted energy flux-convergence implies a thermocline dissipation rate in the 28.5–30.0°N latitude band of $5\times {10}^{-9}\text{W}{\text{kg}}^{-1}$, with an associated diapycnal diffusivity of ${10}^{-4}{\text{m}}^2{\text{s}}^{-1}$. North of Hawaii the implied regional dissipation rate reaches $4\times {10}^{-8}\text{W}{\text{kg}}^{-1}$ with an associated thermocline diffusivity of $8\times {10}^{-4}{\text{m}}^2{\text{s}}^{-1}$. Investigations of subgridscale parameterization and resolution sensitivity suggest that the basic character and magnitude of the predictions are robust to details of the numerical solutions. The present results are taken as further evidence that an increase in shear-driven turbulent mixing in the upper ocean is predicted at special latitudes. It is suggested that the search should be directed to regions where intense low-mode internal tide beams cross their subharmonic turning latitude.     

“21·11”极端暴雪过程多系统结构演变及热动力机制

利用多种实时观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,对造成2021年11月6—8日华北、东北极端暴雪过程多系统的结构特征及热动力机制进行分析。结果表明:此次过程先后由500 hPa高空横槽、河套西风槽及高空冷涡接力影响,其上空的高空急流不断加强并呈现“S”型弯曲,同时低空偏南风急流形成与加强,并在东北地区与高空急流耦合。此次过程阶段性特征明显,其影响系统的结构特征和水汽输送存在差异。回流冷锋形成的冷垫锋面较为浅薄,暖湿气流在其上倾斜上升。寒潮冷锋则较为陡立,上升气流随高度西倾。而锋面气旋结构较为深厚直立,使得气流呈垂直上升运动。随着斜压强迫的不断增强,850 hPa切变线由准东西向分布转为南北向分布,再演变为低涡切变结构。对应的水平涡度由弱转强,其上空正涡度垂直分布也逐渐加强,由弱倾斜上升运动逐步演变为较强垂直上升运动区,并在系统东侧形成次级环流下沉支。此次过程的发生发展与锋生作用密切相关,降雪落区和强度与锋区走向及锋生函数大小较为一致。假相当位温锋区在降雪3个阶段逐渐加强,垂直锋区和低层锋生函数由倾斜状态演变为近乎直立结构;湿位涡诊断表明,3个阶段降雪落区均发生在湿位涡正压项>0而斜压项...     

The Dynamical and Climate Tests of an Atmospheric General Circulation Model Using the Second-Order Adams-Bashforth Method

The Asselin-Robert time filter used in the leapfrog scheme can degrade the accuracy of calculations. The second-order Adams-Bashforth method with the same accuracy as the leapfrog scheme is not subject to time splitting instability. A new semi-implicit atmospheric general circulation spectral model is developed on the basis of NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) CAM3.0 (Community Atmosphere Model3.0). In this new model, the second-order Adams-Bashforth method is used as an alternative to the leapfrog scheme, and a Crank-Nicholson scheme is incorporated for the treatment of fast gravity modes. In this paper, the new model is tested by the Held-Suarez test and an idealized baroclinic wave test. Results of the Held-Suarez test show that the second-order Adams-Bashforth model has similar climate states to those of many other global models and it converges with resolutions. Based on the idealized baroclinic wave test, the capability of di?erent time di?erencing methods for keeping the initial steady-state are compared.This convinces a better ability of the second-order Adams-Bashforth method in maintaining the stability of the initial state. Furthermore, after the baroclinic wave is triggered through overlaying the steady-state initial conditions with the zonal perturbation, the second-order Adams-Bashforth method has an excellent property of convergence, and can represent the process of the baroclinic wave development much better than the original scheme in CAM3.0. A long-term integration of the new model during the period of 1980-1999 is also carried out and compared with that of CAM3.0. It is found that due to the reduction of simulation errors of prognostic variables, the second-order Adams-Bashforth method also has a better simulation ability for the diagnostic variables, such as precipitation.     

Impact of the surface temperature and vertical shear of zonal wind on the dynamics of a simple two-layer model of the atmosphere

The paper presents and analyzes, from the point of view of smooth dynamic systems theory, a two-layer baroclinic model of the troposphere in geostrophic approximation. The model describes airflow in β-channel within the tropospheric part of the main Hadley circulation cell. It enables to obtain, after application of the Galerkin method, a fairly simple low-parametric dynamic system describing the phenomena of non-linear interactions, bifurcations and blocking in the atmosphere. This enables to take into consideration such basic factors influencing the atmospheric dynamics like the heat exchange within the surface, orography, vertical variability of zonal wind and hydrostatic stability. Impact of zonal thermal variability of the surface and vertical shear of zonal wind in the troposphere on the orographic bifurcation was investigated and the oscillation character in the dynamic system after Hopf bifurcation of the second kind was analyzed. Additionally, the model dynamics was investigated in conditions including momentum forcing in the upper and lower parts of the troposphere and excluding orographic interaction, as well as in the conditions of thermal interaction between the troposphere and the surface for the vertical shear of zonal wind in both tropospheric layers. Impact of the mean zonal wind in the troposphere on the properties of model dynamics was assessed. It was proved that zonally varied surface temperature and layered mean zonal wind in the atmosphere are the parameters that have basic influence on the model dynamics. They cause numerous bifurcations and strongly influence the periods of oscillations of the model variables. They are often Hopf bifurcations of the second kind during which tropospheric states fairly distant from the ones before the bifurcations are generated. This significantly influences the model predictability.