Geochemical characterization of soil organic matter and variability of a postglacial detrital organic supply (chaillexon lake,france)

Geochemical analysis of sedimentary organic matter in recent lacustrine sediments appears to be a useful tool in providing information concerning past environmental conditions. However, such analysis is often made without knowing the geochemical characteristics of the organic matter derived from the watershed and, more explicitly, its soils. The present work deals with (i) a geochemical investigation (Rock-Eval pyrolysis) of soil organic matter sampled in a lake watershed, and (ii) the study of the sedimentary organic matter trapped in the lake deposits. The research was conducted on Chaillexon Lake which was created by a rock collapse that dammed the palaeovalley of the Doubs River about 12 000 years ago. Since this event, the sediment trap provides a continuous palaeoclimatic record for the Postglacial period. Results obtained lead to two main conclusions. First, the variability of Rock-Eval pyrolysis values observed in soils modifies the common interpretation given to these parameters in the characterization of sedimentary organic matter. Indeed, variations in these parameters point not only to varying proportions of terrestrial and lacustrine organic matter in a lacustrine infilling but also to variations of the terrestrial supply linked with the evolution of vegetal cover in the catchment. The second conclusion is that the story of the Chaillexon lacustrine system is marked by a rather sudden soil and forest development at the Preboreal–Boreal transition (9000 BP ). Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

贵州山区降水集中度和降水集中期的时空变化特征

利用1961~2015年贵州省81个气象观测站的逐日降雨资料,计算了降水集中度(PCD)和集中期(PCP),并采用线性趋势、空间分析、M-K突变检验和R/S分析等方法 ,对贵州山区复杂地形下的降水集中度和降水集中期进行了分析。结果表明:贵州1961~2015年PCD波动幅度介于0.30~0.59之间,空间分布上由东向西逐渐增加的趋势,PCP的波动范围在16.5~21.0旬之间,空间呈现出由东南向西北逐渐增加的趋势;PCD与降水量的相关性高于PCP与降水量的相关性,表明贵州地区的降水量越多,降水越趋于集中;R/S分析表明贵州地区PCD可能隐含着周期规律,PCP会保持提前的趋势。     

白鹤滩水电站施工期谷幅变形监测分析

我国已建成的特高拱坝如溪洛渡、锦屏一级等,在初期蓄水过程中均表现出了谷幅收缩的异常现象,然而均没有对开挖卸荷期间谷幅变形情况进行观测研究。通过对白鹤滩水电站开挖期间谷幅变形监测进行分析,为同类型高拱坝变形监测提供相关参考依据,同时为后续蓄水初期谷幅变形监测分析提供相关基础保障。     

径流量变化对长江口水动力特性的影响

为了研究径流量变化对长江口水动力特性的影响,利用MIKE21建立长江口水动力数学模型,分别模拟计算长江口不同径流量影响的潮流场,统计分析不同径流量时各汊道涨落潮量和净泄量以及分配比例;统计分析不同径流量对各汊道潮位变化的影响;统计分析不同径流量对北槽中下段水动力特性的影响。得到如下结论:1)径流量的变化对于涨潮分流的影响显著,随着径流量的增加,更多的潮流从北支、北港、南槽进入长江口内。当上游的径流动力增强,外海潮流受上游径流的阻挡,难以继续上溯。2)越是靠近上游,径流量的变化对平均潮位的影响程度越高,入海口处受径流的影响微弱;上游径流量越大,潮波向内陆传播越受阻,能量消耗越大,致使其动力减弱。3)径流量的变化对平均流速的影响与上述潮位变化类似,上游径流量越大,各汊道流速越大;越靠近海洋,径流影响越小。4)长江口北槽中下段转流时刻会出现平面对流现象。横向方向上普遍存在越堤水流,且南北导堤均为北向越堤流占优势。     

Consolidation solution of soil around a permeable pipe pile

Abstract

In practice, how to quickly improve the bearing capacity of piles in a short time is of great significance. In view of this, a technique of setting grooves and installing PVDs (prefabricated vertical drains) at the surface of the pile is proposed in this investigation to accelerate the consolidation of the surrounding soil. A radial and circular consolidation model is established for permeable piles. The finite cosine transform, finite Weber transform, and discretization method are used to obtain a semi-analytical solution for the consolidation model with a mixed drainage boundary condition at the surface of the pile. The sensitivity of the consolidation process to the strip number and the width of PVDs is discussed. The results show that the technique of installing PVDs in piles could potentially improve the bearing capacity. When the area of drainage channels is fixed, the bearing capacity of permeable piles can be more effectively improved by using a higher strip number of PVDs and a smaller PVD width.     

Noise reduction of acoustic Doppler velocimeter data based on Kalman filtering and autoregressive moving average models

Oceanic turbulence measurements made by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) suffer from noise that potentially affects the estimates of turbulence statistics. This study examines the abilities of Kalman filtering and autoregressive moving average models to eliminate noise in ADV velocity datasets of laboratory experiments and offshore observations. Results show that the two methods have similar performance in ADV de-noising, and both effectively reduce noise in ADV velocities, even in cases of high noise. They eliminate the noise floor at high frequencies of the velocity spectra, leading to a longer range that effectively fits the Kolmogorov ?5/3 slope at mid-range frequencies. After de-noising adopting the two methods, the values of the mean velocity are almost unchanged, while the root-mean-square horizontal velocities and thus turbulent kinetic energy decrease appreciably in these experiments. The Reynolds stress is also affected by high noise levels, and de-noising thus reduces uncertainties in estimating the Reynolds stress.     

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Experimental Study of Nonlinear Behaviors of A Free-Floating Body in Waves

Nonlinear behaviors of a free-floating body in waves were experimentally investigated in the present study. The experiments were carried out for 6 different wave heights and 6 different wave periods to cover a relatively wide range of wave nonlinearities. A charge-coupled device (CCD) camera was used to capture the real-time motion of the floating body. The measurement data show that the sway, heave and roll motions of the floating body are all harmonic oscillations while the equilibrium position of the sway motion drifts in the wave direction. The drift speed is proportional to wave steepness when the size of the floating body is comparable to the wavelength, while it is proportional to the square of wave steepness when the floating body is relatively small. In addition, the drift motion leads to a slightly longer oscillation period of the floating body than the wave period of nonlinear wave and the discrepancy increases with the increment of wave steepness.     

不同气候情景下中国滨海城市海岸极值水位重现期预估

气候变化背景下,海平面上升叠加台风—风暴潮、天文大潮等产生的海岸极值水位事件趋多增强,对我国滨海城市社会经济可持发展构成了严重威胁。为认识未来我国滨海城市海岸极值水位危害性（强度和频率）的变化,本文首先采用第五次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP5）数据,分析了不同气候情景下（RCP2.6, 4.5, 8.5,简称为RCPs）下,未来不同年代（2030年、2050年和2100年）我国滨海城市沿岸海平面变化幅度;其次,基于沿海验潮站的历史观测资料和文献数据,分析了未来热带气旋强度变化对海岸极值水位的影响;最后,利用皮尔逊Ⅲ型（P-Ⅲ）水文概率曲线方法,预估了不同气候（RCPs）情景下未来不同年代（2030年、2050年和2100年）我国9个滨海城市海岸极值水位重现期的变化。结果表明：（1）在不同气候情景下,我国滨海城市沿海平均海平面均呈现上升趋势,其中,到21世纪末,长三角地区沿海海平面上升幅度最大,上升速度比全国平均高出约30%;（2）热带气旋的强度与台风—风暴潮的增水幅度存在正相关关系。预计到21世纪末,热带气旋的整体强度很可能将增强,热带气旋引发的台风—风暴潮的增水幅度较当前很可能有明显提高。（3）未来我国滨海城市沿海极值水位将有显著增高的趋势,当前极值水位的重现期将明显缩短。到21世纪末,我国滨海城市当前百年一遇的极值水位,重现期几乎都将缩短至20年一遇以下,其中,大连、青岛、上海和厦门等城市海岸极值水位重现期很可能缩短为（或低于）1年一遇。本文虽在一定程度上反映了不同气候情景下海岸洪水危害性的变化,但对于未来热带气旋的变化及其影响的研究尚有待进一步深入。     

局域差分GPS改正数学模型分析与比较

局域差分中,用户到基准站的距离对定位精度有着决定性影响。利用基准站生成用户误差改正数,其算法很多,介绍了几种常用的方法,并分析了各方法的内插系数和内插质量因子。利用局域差分GPS进行定位时,只有当流动站位于基准站构成的多边形网内时,才可能得到较高的精度。