Effects of soil compaction,rain exposure and their interaction on soil carbon dioxide emission

Soils release more carbon, primarily as carbon dioxide (CO₂), per annum than current global anthropogenic emissions. Soils emit CO₂ through mineralization and decomposition of organic matter and respiration of roots and soil organisms. Given this, the evaluation of the effects of abiotic factors on microbial activity is of major importance when considering the mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions. Previous studies demonstrate that soil CO₂ emission is significantly affected by temperature and soil water content. A limited number of studies have illustrated the importance of bulk density and soil surface characteristics as a result of exposure to rain on CO₂ emission, however, none examine their relative importance. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of soil compaction and exposure of the soil surface to rainfall and their interaction on CO₂ release. We conducted a factorial laboratory experiment with three soil types after sieving (clay, silt and sand soil), three different bulk densities (1·1 g cm^–3, 1·3 g cm^–3, 1·5 g cm^–3) and three different exposures to rainfall (no rain, 30 minutes and 90 minutes of rainfall). The results demonstrated CO₂ release varied significantly with bulk density, exposure to rain and time. The relationship between rain exposure and CO₂ is positive: CO₂ emission was 53% and 42% greater for the 90 minutes and 30 minutes rainfall exposure, respectively, compared to those not exposed to rain. Bulk density exhibited a negative relationship with CO₂ emission: soil compacted to a bulk density of 1·1 g cm^–3 emitted 32% more CO₂ than soil compacted to 1·5 g cm^–3. Furthermore we found that the magnitude of CO₂ effluxes depended on the interaction of these two abiotic factors. Given these results, understanding the influence of soil compaction and raindrop impact on CO₂ emission could lead to modified soil management practices which promote carbon sequestration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on Xu Xia-ke's travels of the extraordinary cold in the 17th century and the extra long heavy rain in Yunnan Province in 1638

This paper is translated and consolidated from the following papers: Study on Xu Xia-ke's Records of the Extraordinary Cold Caused by the Heavy Snow in the 17th Century (Geographical Research, v. 12, no. 3), and A Study on the Extra Long Autumn Rain in the Central Part of Yunnan in 1638 Based on Xu Xia-ke's Travels (Geographical Research, v. 14, no. 4). The translation and consolidation were done by Wong Yat Loon, Department of Urban and Environment Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Statistics on the sizes and internal structures of rainshowers

A large sample of radar reflectivity data from essentially a full summer of operation was analyzed to determine the horizontal extents and internal structure of rain areas observed at altitude levels from 2 to 10 km. Results are given on the size distributions of individual cells or patches defined by reflectivity thresholds approximately 4 dBz apart, on the dependence of mean size on altitude and reflectivity threshold, and on the interior structure of the patches as characterized by the number and sizes of higher-threshold patches contained in each echo. In a more detailed analysis of internal structure, the data were restricted to convective echoes in which certain prescribed reflectivities, ranging from about 30 to 50 dBz, were exceeded. It was found that the dependence of mean quantities, such as patch area, on reflectivity and altitude could be approximately described by simple functions, but that the scatter of observations about the mean was usually large.     

Spatial variability of rainfall on a sub‐kilometre scale

The variability of rainfall in space and time is an essential driver of many processes in nature but little is known about its extent on the sub‐kilometre scale, despite many agricultural and environmental experiments on this scale. A network of 13 tipping‐bucket rain gauges was operated on a 1·4 km² test site in southern Germany for four years to quantify spatial trends in rainfall depth, intensity, erosivity, and predicted runoff. The random measuring error ranged from 10% to 0·1% in case of 1 mm and 100 mm rainfall, respectively. The wind effects could be well described by the mean slope of the horizon at the stations. Except for one station, which was excluded from further analysis, the relative differences due to wind were in maximum ±5%. Gradients in rainfall depth representing the 1‐km² scale derived by linear regressions were much larger and ranged from 1·0 to 15·7 mm km^?1 with a mean of 4·2 mm km^?1 (median 3·3 mm km^?1). They mainly developed during short bursts of rain and thus gradients were even larger for rain intensities and caused a variation in rain erosivity of up to 255% for an individual event. The trends did not have a single primary direction and thus level out on the long term, but for short‐time periods or for single events the assumption of spatially uniform rainfall is invalid on the sub‐kilometre scale. The strength of the spatial trend increased with rain intensity. This has important implications for any hydrological or geomorphologic process sensitive to maximum rain intensities, especially when focusing on large, rare events. These sub‐kilometre scale differences are hence highly relevant for environmental processes acting on short‐time scales like flooding or erosion. They should be considered during establishing, validating and application of any event‐based runoff or erosion model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

模拟酸雨及施磷对水稻土中铅的淋溶特性影响

采用pH=3.0、pH=4.5与对照pH=5.6的3种模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究酸雨及含磷酸雨淋溶下合肥市郊水稻土中铅的释放特征与规律。结果表明:经过相当于1 980 mm降水量的淋溶后,铅释放量总体上表现为随着酸雨强度增加累积淋溶量也增加的现象。酸雨作用下,施磷量越多土壤中铅的淋失总量越大。在酸雨及施磷条件下,大兴地区黄褐土中Pb较义城地区水稻土中易于淋失。     

九江地区一次强对流暴雨天气过程分析

从天气形势出发,结合物理量场、卫星云图和雷达回波等演变特征,分析洞庭湖附近生成的两个气旋波东移过程中在九江地区引起的强对流、暴雨天气。     

乌东德水电站开建以来坝区暴雨的统计研究

对乌东德水电站开建以来坝区暴雨及伴随的短时强降水时空分布进行统计研究,并划分出暴雨天气概念模型。结果表明:乌东德水电站开建以来坝区共出现18个暴雨日,平均3.0个/a,暴雨自6月上旬开始出现,到10月上旬结束,出现暴雨最多的季节是夏季,多为范围小的局地性暴雨出现。暴雨日数、年平均降水量、20~30mm h^-1及≥20mm h^-1的短时强降水的空间分布均呈现“西北多东南少”的特征。20~30mm h^-1的短时强降水发生频次最多(占63.6%),其次为30~40mmh^-1(占27.3%),40~50mm h^-1最少(仅占9.1%)。短时强降水及不同等级短时强降水均表现为夜间高发、白天低发的日变化特征。总结归纳出切变冷锋型8次(占44.4%)、两高辐合型4次(占22.2%)、西南涡型2次(占11.1%)、孟加拉湾风暴型2次(占11.1%)、切变线型1次(占5.6%)和高空槽型1次(占5.6%)六类暴雨天气概念模型。     

长江下游地区汛期暴雨气候特征分析

根据2008-2013年我国暴雨统计结果, 分析了6 a间我国暴雨分布情况、变化趋势和演变规律, 结果表明:我国年降水量分布总体趋势由西北向东南依次递增, 西南地区东部、江汉地区、江淮地区、江南地区及华南地区是每年暴雨的多发区域, 华南南部(尤其是海南)为显著的暴雨多发区, 年暴雨日数常常超过10 d。我国每年平均暴雨日数为217.5 d, 以6-8月为最多; 平均每年出现39次主要暴雨过程次数, 其中8次由热带气旋登陆引起, 约有58%的主要暴雨过程出现在6-8月, 以7月最多; 每年平均出现特大暴雨26站次, 以华南居多, 年最大日降水量介于336.1~614.7 mm之间, 主要出现在6-10月之间。每年遴选出的强度强、范围大、影响显著的10次重大暴雨事件均出现在5-11月, 其中以南方暴雨占多数。

     

2017年8月大气环流和天气分析

2017年8月北半球500 hPa极涡呈单极型分布,强度强于常年同期;亚欧洲大陆中高纬为多波动;西北太平洋副热带高压位置偏西,强度接近常年略偏强。8月全国平均降水量126.6 mm,较常年同期（105.3 mm）偏多20%;全国平均气温为21.4℃,较常年同期（20.8℃）偏高0.6℃。月内共出现了8次主要的区域性强降水过程,多站日降水量超历史同期极值。8月共有5个台风在西北太平洋和南海海域活动,其中1713号台风天鸽、1714号台风帕卡4天内先后登陆珠三角。月内,我国南方地区出现大范围持续高温天气,江淮、江汉等地出现阶段性伏旱。