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191.
192.
本文运用重庆市主城区1993~2007年降水pH值监测资料,分析了重庆市最近15年来酸雨的变化趋势。结果表明,重庆市主城区降水pH值较低,15年来平均pH值介于3.8~4.5之间。重庆市年降水pH值基本呈递增趋势,倾向率达0.23/10a;最近5年的月际变化中,降水酸度夏高冬低,酸雨频率夏低冬高;各季节中,秋季pH值年际变化呈明显的波动状升高的趋势,其余3个季节呈弱波动,升降趋势不明显。重庆市酸雨(pH〈5.6)频率较高,各季节的酸雨频率基本在80%以上,且有增大的趋势;各季节中春季呈明显的升高趋势,其余季节略升高或趋势不明显。重庆市较强级别以上强度的酸雨(pH〈4.5)频率年际变化幅度较大,介于30~80%之间,变化趋势不明显。重庆市酸雨强度的变化主要受污染源排放量及其它因素的影响。 相似文献
193.
利用GRAPES—meso模式和T213资料,对2007年7月18日发生在我国四川盆地和华东地区一次大暴雨过程进行多组数值试验,以分析侧边界资料、驱动资料的垂直分辨率、模式积分区域、云物理参数及边界参数对GRAPES—nleso模式降水预报影响。试验结果表明:(1)侧边界资料对模式降水预报结果影响较小,驱动GRAPES—meso的全球模式产品质量提高,降水预报结果越好;(2)驱动资料垂直分辨率的高低对降水预报结果影响较大,分辨率越高,预报能力越强,反之越弱;(3)模式积分区域对降水预报结果也有明显影响,区域越大,降水预报未必总是最好;(4)物理过程和边界参数试验表明,WSM6方案与KFeta方案组合的24小时降水预报与实况更接近。 相似文献
194.
195.
Mesoscale Vortex Generation and Merging Process: A Case Study Associated with a Post-Landfall Tropical Depression 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
An observational analysis of satellite blackbody temperature (TBB) data and radar images suggests that the mesoscale vortex generation and merging process appeared to be essential for a tropical-depression-related heavy rain event in Shanghai, China. A numerical simulation reproduced the observed mesoscale vortex generation and merging process and the corresponding rain pattern, and then the model outputs were used to study the related dynamics through diagnosing the potential vorticity (PV) equation. The t... 相似文献
196.
The characteristics of moisture transport and budget of widespread heavy
rain and local heavy rain events in Northeast China are studied using the
NCEP--NCAR reanalysis 6-hourly and daily data and daily precipitation data
of 200 stations in Northeast China from 1961--2005. The results demonstrate
that during periods with widespread heavy rain in Northeast China, the Asian
monsoon is very active and the monsoonal northward moisture transport is
strengthened significantly. The widespread heavy rainfall obtains enhanced
water vapor supply from large regions where the water vapor mainly
originates from the Asian monsoon areas, which include the East Asian
subtropical monsoon area, the South China Sea, and the southeast
and southwest tropical monsoon regions. There are several branches of
monsoonal moisture current converging on East China and its coastal areas,
where they are strengthened and then continue northward into Northeast
China. Thus, the enhanced northward monsoonal moisture transport is the key
to the widespread heavy rain in Northeast China. In contrast, local heavy
rainfall in Northeast China derives water vapor from limited areas,
transported by the westerlies. Local evaporation also plays an important
role in the water vapor supply and local recycling process of moisture. In
short, the widespread heavy rains of Northeast China are mainly caused by
water vapor advection brought by the Asian monsoon, whereas local heavy
rainfall is mainly caused by the convergence of the westerly wind field. 相似文献
197.
“碧利斯”引发湘东南特大暴雨的多普勒雷达回波特征分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用广东韶关多普勒天气雷达资料分析了2006年7月14—17日因受强热带风暴“碧利斯”影响湘东南发生的特大暴雨过程的回波特征及中小尺度系统。结果表明,“碧利斯”回波经历了初始发展、螺旋带状、弥合、减弱消失阶段,其路径经历了自东北向西南进入、绕雷达站旋转、由西南向东北方向移出三个阶段:“列车效应”是造成该特大暴雨的主要回波特征。多普勒速度图上,“逆风区”存在时间较短,对流层中层不连续中小尺度“大风核”造成有组织的次级环流可能是“列车效应”形成和维持的主要原因之一。谱宽图上,“碧利斯”在低层具有较大的谱宽值;在强回波带上,中层十分均匀,表明“碧利斯”过程低层由于受地形磨擦作用湍流活动很强,中层平稳的大风急流也是过程长时间维持的主要原因之一。 相似文献
198.
初始场中尺度信息对暴雨预报的影响 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
由于观测资料分辨率与模式分辨率的不同,利用高分辨率模式对暴雨进行预报时,常规观测资料形成的初始场不能直接分辨出中尺度系统,这种中尺度系统特征的缺少可以认为是初始场的一种信息误差。利用中尺度天气分析的尺度分离方法可以提取这种中尺度信息。通过分析初始场中尺度信息的结构、演变特征及其对暴雨预报影响的机理,发现初始场中尺度信息的结构在主要雨带的对流敏感区具有明确的天气学意义,包含了有利暴雨产生的信息;其能量随时间也是增长的,特别是在积分12小时以后,能量迅速增长然后趋于稳定,超过了初始随机扰动的能量增长。利用减弱和增强初始场中中尺度信息的两种初始场作暴雨预报,其结果反映了初始场中尺度信息对暴雨预报的重要性,特别是对雨团位置和强度的预报,这些信息会直接影响暴雨的精细预报。 相似文献
199.
This paper is focused on the study of rainfall yield characteristics of electrical storms observed over the Northern Iberian Peninsula during 1992–1996. To this aim Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) method have been used. The SOM method is a group of artificial neural networks based on the topological properties of the human brain. Results clearly suggest that there exist three different meteorological patterns that are linked to the characteristics of electrical events found in the study area. In winter, most of the electrical events are formed under oceanic advection (NW air fluxes). On these cases, mean rainfall yield estimates reach values of 700 104 m3 per cloud to ground lightning flash (CG flash). During summer most frequent electrical storms are associated to local instability shooting by surface heating with advection of humidity coming from the Iberian Peninsula. Under these meteorological situations, rain is scarcer if compared with oceanic events but lightning CG counts reach the maximum values found in the area (about 10 CG counts per 20 × 20 km2 and day) giving this way the smallest rainfall yield with a mean value of 15 104 m3 per CG flash. Iberian air fluxes associated with cold air in upper parts of the atmosphere represent the third meteorological pattern found. This pattern is most common in spring and autumn but is not unusual in the rest of the seasons. In those cases mean rainfall yield in the area is about 150 104 m3 per CG flash. In all electrical episodes K instability index is greater than 15 °C but in the most lightning producing events, this index reaches in the area values greater than 24 °C. PCA results pointed out that there exists a relationship between rain and CG counts expressed by the first principal component computed from standardized data. However, we must notice that no event is solely linked to this axis, since a seasonal influence which decreases lightning production when rain increases is always present. Results found are of great interest for short term forecasting of flashfloods in mountainous areas like the Spanish Basque Country region. 相似文献
200.
Interannual Variability of Autumn Precipitation over
South China and its Relation to Atmospheric
Circulation and SST Anomalies 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The interannual variability of autumn precipitation over South China and its relationship with atmospheric circulation and SST anomalies are examined using the autumn precipitation data of 160 stations in China and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis dataset from 1951 to 2004. Results indicate a strong interannual variability of autumn precipitation over South China and its positive correlation with the autumn western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH). In the flood years, the WPSH ridge line lies over the south of South China and the strengthened ridge over North Asia triggers cold air to move southward. Furthermore, there exists a significantly anomalous updraft and cyclone with the northward stream strengthened at 850 hPa and a positive anomaly center of meridional moisture transport strengthening the northward warm and humid water transport over South China. These display the reverse feature in drought years. The autumn precipitation interannual variability over South China correlates positively with SST in the western Pacific and North Pacific, whereas a negative correlation occurs in the South Indian Ocean in July. The time of the strongest lag-correlation coefficients between SST and autumn precipitation over South China is about two months, implying that the SST of the three ocean areas in July might be one of the predictors for autumn precipitation interannual variability over South China. Discussion about the linkage among July SSTs in the western Pacific, the autumn WPSH and autumn precipitation over South China suggests that SST anomalies might contribute to autumn precipitation through its close relation to the autumn WPSH. 相似文献