气候变化对雨养冬小麦水分利用效率的影响估算

研究气候变化对雨养冬小麦水分利用效率的影响规律,可为农业适应气候变化提供科学依据。通过构建代表站雨养冬小麦产量和土壤水分变化量的模拟方程,分析水分利用效率的历史变化,并结合两种区域气候模式PRECIS和REGCM4.0输出的4种不同气候变化情景资料,估算未来2021—2050年雨养冬小麦水分利用效率的可能变化。结果表明:1981—2010年甘肃、山西和河南代表站的雨养冬小麦水分利用效率呈二次曲线变化趋势,最大值出现在2003年前后。4种气候变化情景的模拟结果均显示:2021—2050年冬小麦全生育期耗水量明显增加,各代表站不同情景平均增加6.2%;产量有增有减,平均产量变化率为1.4%;水分利用效率平均减小3.8%,且变率减小。区域气候模式PRECIS估算的水分利用效率的减小量A2情景大于B2情景,REGCM4.0模式估算的水分利用效率的减小量RCP8.5情景大于RCP4.5情景。整体来看,RCP气候情景对雨养冬小麦水分利用效率的负面影响更大。     

基于SPEI的河南省冬小麦生育期干旱时空特征分析

利用河南省24个地面气象站1961-2009年逐日降水和气温资料计算SPEI(标准化降水蒸散指数),并按照SPEI的标准界值将干旱强度划分为轻度干旱、中度干旱和极端干旱.根据河南省冬小麦的生长特点将小麦生育期划分为生育前期、分蘖期和返青-抽穗-成熟期.采用Meteoinfo软件、Morlet小波分析方法、线性回归研究不同生育期干旱变化趋势、覆盖范围、发生频率、周期及空间分布,结果表明,冬小麦各个生育阶段均出现过不同程度的干旱,只是不同地区、不同年份发生的频率和强度不同,但各阶段均存在着轻度干旱发生的概率最大,而极端干旱发生的概率最小的特点.驻马店地区在各阶段发生干旱的概率都较大.对河南省冬小麦全生育期的SPEI分析表明,全生育期干旱出现概率的极值中心有显著的10 a左右的周期变化特征,近年来干旱指数呈逐渐增大的趋势.     

东亚冬季风异常与ENSO事件及其预测意义

通过东亚冬季风强度指数资料,进一步分析了东亚冬季风变化与ＥｌＮｉｎｏ（ＬａＮｉｎａ）之间的密切关系,１９１０～１９９０年２０次ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件,有１４次对应前期强的东亚冬季风,１５次ＬａＮｉｎａ事件,有９次对应前期弱的东亚冬季风。应用奇异值分解（ＳＶＤ）技术,得到了前期东亚冬季风与后期ＥｌＮｉｎｏ海区海温的时间和空间结构及其相关关系,其第一模态之间具有明显相关,反映了前期东亚冬季风与后期ＥｌＮｉｎｏ海区海温的非同步关系。指出：前期东亚冬季风异常,通过对海温的影响,对ＥｌＮｉｎｉｏ（ＬａＮｉｎａ）产生作用,强（弱）东亚冬季风有利于ＥｌＮｉｎｏ（ＬａＮｉｎａ）的发生发展。因此,东亚冬季风是一种预测短期灾害性气候异常的前兆信号。     

开封市郊冬小麦冠层反射光谱特征分析

通过对开封市郊冬小麦整个生育阶段反射光谱的测量,分析了不同生育阶段、播种垄向及土壤背景对冠层光谱反射的影响。结果表明：不同生育阶段的冬小麦反射光谱特性总体趋势符合植被的反射光谱特性,但是又有一些差异;不同垄向冬小麦的反射光谱也不一样,南北垄向的光谱反射率高于东西垄向光谱的反射率;不同土壤背景的冬小麦反射光谱也存在差异。     

A numerical study on the winter monsoon and cold surge over East Asia

By using the improved regional climate model （RegCM_NCC）, a numerical study has been undertaken for the East Asia region over a period of 5 years （1998-2002） in an effort to evaluate the model＇s ability to reproduce the winter monsoon conditions that were observed. The results showed that the model can successfully simulate the basic characteristics of the winter monsoon circulations, including the location and intensity of the cold-surface, high-pressure system, as well as the wind patterns and the intensity of the winter monsoon. The simulated occurrence frequency and regions of the cold surge were consistent with the observations. The simulated rainfall distribution over China was consistent with the observations collected in South China. The features of the simulated moisture transport were also in good agreement with the observations that were derived from the NCEP reanalysis data, indicating that moisture transport coming from the Bay of Bengal trough plays a crucial role in supplying moisture needed for precipitation in South China. In addition, the moisture transport coming from the near-equatorial west-Pacific was also important. These two branches of moisture transport converged in South China, as a prerequisite for occurrence of the precipitation that was observed there. Heat budgets have shown that the development of a heat sink over the East Asian continent was remarkable and its thermal contrast relative to the neighboring seas was the important forcing factor for the winter monsoon activity. The simulation also indicated that the significant differences in circulation patterns and rainfalls during the winters of 1997/98 and 1998/99 were affected by cold and warm ENSO events, respectively. The above analysis demonstrated the model＇s ability to simulate the East Asian winter monsoon.     

基于遥感分析渤海湾冬季表层悬浮体浓度变化规律

渤海湾是三面环陆的半封闭浅水海湾,海底泥沙悬浮与输运对海洋工程与生态环境有重要影响。冬季是渤海泥沙输运、海床冲刷和海底灾害的主要发生季节,但冬季观测(特别是连续观测)难度大,观测资料相对缺乏,研究冬季悬浮体分布与输运规律对海洋生态环境保护和海洋工程维护等具有指导意义,对认识近海物质及能量循环有重要科学价值。本文基于海洋水色卫星GOCI(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager)遥感影像资料,对渤海湾冬季悬浮体浓度进行了长达8年监测,提取2011—2017年冬季(11、12、1、2月)悬浮体浓度(Total Suspended Sediment, TSS)月平均数据,对渤海湾冬季悬浮体分布情况及输运规律进行研究。结果表明,渤海湾冬季的表层悬浮体浓度分布呈现近岸高离岸低、南岸高北岸低的规律,悬浮体浓度的高值区主要分布于黄河口附近以及渤海湾南岸一带,该海域冬季TSS在80mg/L以上,最高可达200mg/L;海河口及辽东湾沿岸流区域各存在一个低值区,悬浮体浓度介于0—40mg/L。冬季大风天气对水体扰动剧烈,导致渤海湾海底泥沙再悬浮,风速与悬浮体浓度存在正相关性。同时,冬季渤海湾沿岸流等环流增强,使黄河口再悬浮的沉积物向渤海湾西部和北部扩散。     

修订后水分盈亏指数在甘肃省冬小麦干旱监测中的应用

提高西北旱作农业干旱监测准确性和时效性,对农业生产防灾减灾有重要意义。利用甘肃省3个农业气象观测站长期土壤水分和冬小麦生育状况观测资料、1971—2016年43个冬小麦种植县气象观测资料及产量资料,基于冬小麦播前底墒和生育期水分盈亏量修订了作物水分盈亏指数,并确定了干旱等级指标,改进后作物水分盈亏指数与土壤贮水和冬小麦减产率高度相关,能更准确的反映甘肃省冬小麦干旱实况,并利用ArcGIS分析了近46 a甘肃省冬小麦不同生育期、不同等级干旱发生频率的时空分布特征。结果表明：甘肃省冬小麦从播种至开花期随着发育期推移,呈现干旱频率增加、范围扩大的趋势,多以中旱居多,其中拔节—开花期发生面积最大,陇中、庆阳市北部、平凉市西部、天水市西部、陇南市南部干旱出现频率较高;开花—成熟期随着降水量增加干旱发生频率减少、程度减轻。     

Kinetic processes and stable isotopes in cave dripwaters as indicators of winter severity

We examine how the stable isotope composition of meteoric water is transmitted through soil and epikarst to dripwaters in a cave in western Romania. δ²H and δ¹⁸O in precipitation at this site are influenced by temperature and moisture sources (Atlantic and Mediterranean), with lower δ¹⁸O in winter and higher in summer. The stable isotope composition of cave dripwaters mimics this seasonal pattern of low and high δ¹⁸O, but the onset and end of freezing conditions in the winter season are marked by sharp transitions in the isotopic signature of cave dripwaters of approximately 1 ‰. We interpret these shifts as the result of kinetic isotopic fractionation during the transition phase from water to ice at the onset of freezing conditions and the input of meltwater to the cave at the beginning of the spring season. This process is captured in dripwaters and therefore speleothems from Ur?ilor Cave, which grew under such dripping points, may have the potential to record past changes in the severity of winters. Similar isotopic changes in dripwaters driven by freeze–thaw processes can affect other caves in areas with winter snow cover, and cave monitoring during such changes is essential in linking the isotopic variability in dripwaters and speleothems to surface climate.     

CMIP5模式对东亚冬季风指数变化及其与冬季大气环流和气温关系的模拟评估

本文评估了44个CMIP5模式对东亚冬季风环流系统,特别是东亚冬季风指数及其对应的环流和气温特征的模拟能力.结果表明:CMIP5模式对地表气温和500 hPa位势高度场模拟效果最好,对200 hPa纬向风的模拟次之,而对海平面气压和850 hPa经向风的模拟相对较差.与单个模式相比,多模式集合(MME)的模拟能力要更优,其能够很好地再现西伯利亚高压、阿留申低压、东亚低层偏北风、中层东亚大槽、高层东亚西风急流以及地表气温的空间分布.不过,模拟的环流系统偏强,造成东亚地表气温总体偏低.对于东亚冬季风指数,分别选取基于300 hPa纬向风(I_(Jhun))、850 hPa风场(I_(Wang))、500 hPa位势高度(I_(Cui))、以及海平面气压(I_(Guo))定义的四个指数表征东亚冬季风强度.MME能很好地模拟I_(Cui)和I_(Wang)指数的长期变化,还能合理再现四个指数所指示的东亚冬季风环流和气温的变化特征:对应冬季风偏强年份,西伯利亚高压、阿留申低压、东亚沿岸低层北风、东亚大槽和高空西风急流加强,东亚大陆地表气温和极端低温降低,但变化的幅度比观测结果偏弱.     

Beach recovery from extreme storm activity during the 2013–14 winter along the Atlantic coast of Europe

The storm sequence of the 2013–14 winter left many beaches along the Atlantic coast of Europe in their most eroded state for decades. Understanding how beaches recover from such extreme events is essential for coastal managers, especially in light of potential regional increases in storminess due to climate change. Here we analyse a unique dataset of decadal beach morphological changes along the west coast of Europe to investigate the post-2013–14 winter recovery. We show that the recovery signature is site specific and multi-annual, with one studied beach fully recovered after 2 years, and the others only partially recovered after 4 years. During the recovery phase, winter waves primarily control the timescales of beach recovery, as energetic winter conditions stall the recovery process whereas moderate winter conditions accelerate it. This inter-annual variability is well correlated with climate indices. On exposed beaches, an equilibrium model showed significant skill in reproducing the post-storm recovery and thus can be used to investigate the recovery process in more detail. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.