吉林省冬季逆温天气特征分析

吉林省的三个探空站即长春、临江和延吉分别位于该省的中部平原、南部山区和东部盆地之中.利用三站探空资料,分析了吉林省冬季发生逆温的时空分布特征、逆温的统计特征、逆温属性以及逆温的天气气候特征.结果表明:逆温的发生频率平原最多、山区次之,盆地较少,强逆温的发生频率恰好与之相反;逆温底高平原多发生在近地面附近,山区多在400m以下,盆地多在200m以下;发生在近地面的强逆温层厚度一般多发生在1000m以下;逆温属性,平原和山区以辐射或下沉逆温为主,盆地则以辐射或下沉和平流逆温为主,同时指出了不同属性逆温的地面形势场特征.     

菏泽市冬季采暖期气候特征分析

利用菏泽地区1954—2005年气温观测资料,分析了菏泽地区近50a的气温变化趋势,探讨了该地区冬季采暖初日、终日及采暖天数的统计规律。结果表明:20世纪80年代中期以来,菏泽地区冬季气温变暖已成为事实,1986年是冬季气候变暖的突变年;采暖初日、终日及采暖天数年际变化较大;1986年以来多暖冬,与1986年以前相比,采暖初日后移,采暖终日前移,采暖天数减少。对确定冬季采暖初日、终日,实施科学供暖有一定的参考价值。     

Measurement of evapotranspiration in a winter wheat field

Daily evapotranspiration from a winter wheat field on the North China Plain measured by large‐scale weighing lysimeter was linearly related to that measured by the Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) technique. Soil evaporation averaged about 23·6% of evapotranspiration from the post‐winter dormancy revival stage to the grain ripening stage in 1999. On clear days during winter dormancy, about half of the net radiation flux R_n was used to warm soil. During the revival stage, conductive heat flux G also used most of the incoming R_n, but the ratio of latent heat flux λE to R_n increased. During the stem‐extension stage, λE was about 50% of R_n; thereafter, λE/R_n increased continually, but G remained less than 10% of R_n. During the ripening stage, λE was almost 90% of R_n. Evaporative fraction (EF) can be expressed as a function of plant status and atmospheric boundary layer conditions. The relationship between EF and available energy under moderate air temperature and vapour pressure deficit conditions was examined for five combinations of aerodynamic and canopy conductance. Although the theoretical relationship indicates that EF should be highly correlated to soil water content, the correlation has been difficult to identify under field conditions. However, we observed that there exists a threshold value of R_n ? G, above which EF is less than 1·0, and that the threshold value is lower under soil‐water deficit conditions than under abundant soil‐water conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一个预测冬小麦根系层储水量的概念性模型

基于对SPAC系统的认识,以1995～1996年北京市水利科学研究所永乐店试验站和1993～1994年中国科学院禹城综合试验站冬小麦生长季土壤-作物-大气田间观测数据,对冬小麦根系层水量平衡的概念性模型进行参数确定和实验验证。研究结果表明:本文采用的根系层储水量的预测模型的模拟值与实测值吻合较好,且模型参数较少,形式简单,便于生产实践应用,但是具体的参数须通过田间试验获得。     

冬小麦产量形成的干物质模式

针对徐淮地区冬小麦的生长情况，建立了冬小麦总生物量与气象条件综合因子逐蒸发量的工模式，并在引进三种群生态模型基础上，结合穗茎叶之间关系，研制出穗茎叶干物质相互作用模式，用数学方法研究了冬小麦干物质形成的规律，对生长模拟具有实际参考价值。     

WINTER QINGHAI-XIZANG TBB FEATURES IN RELATION TO ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PATTERN AND ASIAN-AUSTRALIAN MONSOONS*

Predominantly in the context of Japan GMS-derived T_BB data,study is undertaken of the relationship between the winter thermal conditions of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(QXP)and anomaly in Asian-Australian monsoons during northern summer.Evidence suggests that anti-correlation of cold air activity of East Asia with that of Mid Asia is responsible for the counterpart of the ground thermal characteristics anomaly on an interannual basis between the SW and NEQXP;the winter thermal pattern bears a closer correlativity with the subsequent summertime Asian-Australian monsoons anomaly;as the thermal distribution is reversed,so are the convection features over North and South China,maritime continent,the NW and SW Pacific at tropical and equatorial latitudes,resulting in vast difference between East-Asian summer and Indonesian-North Australian winter monsoons;the subtropical monsoon-associated rainbelt over the mid-lower Changjiang basins exhibits the discrepancy in vigor and northerly shift timing.Besides,part of the results has been further borne out through analysis of temperature and precipitation records of the eastern portion of the country in monsoon climate.     

贵州冬季凝冻预测信号和预测模型研究

在对贵州冬季凝冻指数与前期天气信息资料进行了相关分析研究的基础上，寻找并确定了凝冻灾害的6个短期气候预测信号，建立了冬季凝冻短期气候预测模型。预测模型在1997－2000年的独立试报检验中，表明有一定的预报能力。     

近120年黑龙江省冬季气温变化及其诊断

以哈尔滨市的冬季气温变化代表全省的冬季气温变化特征。从1881年到1999年，哈尔滨市的冬季气温平均值上升了1．8℃，其中近30年就上升了1．1℃。80年代以后发生的气温突变促使气温急剧上升。哈尔滨市冬季气温与EINino的相关程度及NINO C区的SST与北半球500hPa东北亚区气温的相关程度均由强弱。80年代后，西伯利亚高压逐渐减弱，北太平洋高压逐渐增强。上述事实反映了黑龙江省气温变化的物理因子在发生变化，导致了气温变暖。     

近45年中国扬沙和沙尘暴天气

本文利用1954～1998年中国681个站的气象实测资料,分析了近45年我国扬沙和沙尘暴天气的时空分布特征.结果表明,我国西北、华北、东北和青藏高原地区是扬沙和沙尘暴的主要影响区,其中西北地区是多发区,并有两个明显的高频中心;扬沙和沙尘暴的季节变化大致可划分为3种类型;45年间除青海、内蒙古和新疆的小部分地区扬沙和沙尘暴日数呈增长趋势外,我国北方大部分地区扬沙和沙尘暴日数在减少.进一步分析表明,扬沙、沙尘暴日数与大风日数的年际振荡及多年变化趋势有一致性;70年代以后由大风日数减少所引起的扬沙、沙尘暴减少可能是气候准周期性变化的反映.     

南海北部上新世晚期东亚冬季风增强的同位素和有孔虫证据

对南海北部大洋钻探ODP1 1 48站进行稳定同位素和有孔虫分析 ,采用多种替代性指标 ,追溯上新世晚期以来东亚冬季风的演变。发现约 3 1～ 2 2MaB .P .之间 ,浮游有孔虫Globigerinoidesruber的δ13C值显著降低 ,而Neogloboquadrinadutertrei的相对丰度明显增大 ,指示冬季风急剧增强 ,并伴随表层海水温度的降低和古生产力的增高。此后 ,冬季风还有几次明显的增强 ,特别是在约 1 7MaB .P .,1 .3MaB .P .,0 .9MaB .P .,0 .6MaB .P .和0 2MaB .P .。