The brightest OH maser in the sky: A flare of emission in W75 N

A flare of maser radio emission in the 1665-MHz OH line with a flux density of about 1000 Jy was discovered in the star-forming region W75 N in 2003. At the time of its observations, it was the strongest OH maser in the entire history of research since the discovery of cosmic OH masers in 1965. The linear polarization of the flare emission reached 100%. A weaker flare with a flux density of 145 Jy was observed in this source in 2000–2001; this was probably a precursor of the intense flare. The intensity of two other spectral features decreased when the flare emerged. This change in the intensity of the emission from maser condensations (a brightening of some of them and a weakening of others) can be explained by the passage of a magnetohydrodynamic shock through regions of enhanced gas concentration.     

Millimetre and submillimetre τ relations

Relations are presented between the optical depth of the atmosphere  (τ)  in the millimetre and submillimetre windows at 350, 450, 850 and 1250 μm. These relations are derived by an analysis of 849 skydips at 850 μm performed with the submillimetre camera SCUBA at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) and polynomial fits to over 19 000 measurements of a tipping radiometer operating at 350 μm. The relations allow for an improved calibration of millimetre and submillimetre observations on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i, and for better monitoring of atmospheric conditions.     

近海水体悬浮物HJ-1 号小卫星CCD 定量反演研究

基于H J-1号小卫星CCD数据,开展近海水体悬浮物含量监测研究.采用邻近清洁水体和同日MODIS气溶胶产品的方法对CCD辐亮度数据进行较精准的大气校正;利用得到的水体遥感反射率,结合地面准同步实测悬浮物含量数据建立悬浮物反演模型,获得研究区悬浮物的空间分布.模型的相关系数R2为0.849,平均误差为33.0％,反演结果较为理想.结果表明,HJ-1号小卫星作为中国首个灾害监测小卫星星座,能够实现定量反演近海水体的悬浮物含量,对中国近海水体水质的监测和治理具有重要意义.     

人工繁育大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)群体F2及F3遗传差异分析

利用15对微卫星标记对人工繁育的岱衢族(DQ1和DQ2)、闽-粤东族(MY1和MY2)及正交(DM1和DM2)和反交(MD和MD21)F2及F3连续两代共8个群体的250个样品进行了遗传多样性及遗传差异检测.15个位点在所有检测群体中均为高度多态,共检测等位基因215个.每个位点的平均等位基因数是8.1-11.7,平均观察和期望杂合度分别是0.598-0.790和0.732-0.794.F2和F3代内的等位基因频率无明显差异(P>0.05),而两代间在15个位点的等位基因频率上存在约34.13%的遗传差异;Fst值检测发现,F2的4个群体间的Fst值是0.028-0.067,平均0.0429,F3的Fst值是0.037-0.068,平均0.0535.经过一代繁殖,F2和F3之间的遗传分歧平均增加了1%(0.0106);群体间的N-J聚类图显示,8个群体虽然聚成一族,但是F2和F3之间的遗传距离有增大的趋势.以上结果表明,随着人工选育力度的加强,岱衢族和闽-粤东族大黄鱼群体间的遗传距离由近及远,遗传分歧有加大的趋势.     

Observation of Filterable Bromine Variabilities During Arctic Tropospheric Ozone Depletion Events in High (1hour) Time Resolution

The halogen ions Br^- and Cl^- together with NO₃ ^-, SO₄ ⁼, MSA^- (methane sulfonate), Na⁺ and NH₄ ⁺ were analysed by ion chromatography in extracts of more than 800 aerosol cellulose filter samples taken at Ny Ålesund, Svalbard (79°N, 12°E) in spring 1996 (March 27 - May 16) within the European Union project ARCTOC (Arctic Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry). Anticorrelated variations between f-Br (filterable bromine, i.e. water soluble bromine species that can be collected by aerosol filters) and ozone within the arctic troposphere were evaluated at a resolution of 1 or 2 hours for periods with depleted ozone and 4 hours at normal ozone. A mean f-Br concentration of 11 ng m^-3 (0.14 nmol m^-3) was observed for the whole campaign, while maximum concentrations of 80 ng m^-3 (1 nmol m^-3) were detected during two total O₃-depletion events (O₃ drop to mixing ratios below the detection limit of < 2 ppb). Anticorrelation between f-Br and O₃ was also seen during minor O₃-depletion episodes (sudden drop in O₃ by at least 10 ppb, but O₃ still exceeding the detection limit) and even for ozone variations near its background level (40-50 ppb). A time lag of about 10 hours between the change of ozone and of f-Br concentrations could only be found during a total ozone depletion event, when f-Br reached its maximum values several hours after ozone was totally destroyed. Bromine oxide (BrO) concentrations, measured by DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy), and f-Br showed a coincident variability during almost the entire campaign (except in the case of total O₃-loss). Frequently enhanced anthropogenic nitrate and sulphate concentrations were observed during O₃-depletion periods. At O₃ concentrations < 10 ppb sulphate and nitrate exceed their typical mean level by 54% and 77%, respectively. This may indicate a possible connection between acidity and halogen release.     

城市大气气溶胶的物理化学特性及其对人体健康的影响

根据在北京、重庆、上海等城市大气气溶胶的观测结果和气溶胶中有机化学成分的有关资料,分析城市地区大气气溶胶的浓度、尺度谱分布、日变化规律及其化学成分的谱分布特征,并与干净地区的结果作比较,进而探讨了大气气溶胶对人体健康的影响。     

Earth System Model FGOALS-s2: Coupling a dynamic global vegetation and terrestrial carbon model with the physical climate system model

Earth System Models （ESMs） are fundamental tools for understanding climate-carbon feedback. An ESM version of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model （FGOALS） was recently developed within the IPCC AR5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） modeling framework, and we describe the development of this model through the coupling of a dynamic global vegetation and terrestrial carbon model with FGOALS-s2. The performance of the coupled model is evaluated as follows. The simulated global total terrestrial gross primary production （GPP） is 124.4 PgC yr-I and net pri- mary production （NPP） is 50.9 PgC yr-1. The entire terrestrial carbon pools contain about 2009.9 PgC, comprising 628.2 PgC and 1381.6 PgC in vegetation and soil pools, respectively. Spatially, in the tropics, the seasonal cycle of NPP and net ecosystem production （NEP） exhibits a dipole mode across the equator due to migration of the monsoon rainbelt, while the seasonal cycle is not so significant in Leaf Area Index （LAI）. In the subtropics, especially in the East Asian monsoon region, the seasonal cycle is obvious due to changes in temperature and precipitation from boreal winter to summer. Vegetation productivity in the northern mid-high latitudes is too low, possibly due to low soil moisture there. On the interannual timescale, the terrestrial ecosystem shows a strong response to ENSO. The model- simulated Nifio3.4 index and total terrestrial NEP are both characterized by a broad spectral peak in the range of 2-7 years. Further analysis indicates their correlation coefficient reaches -0.7 when NEP lags the Nifio3.4 index for about 1-2 months.     

横断山脉地区大气环流演变特征分析

应用Lamb-Jenkinson大气环流分型方法对横断山脉地区的8个经度×10个纬度范围内1948-2012年逐日平均的海平面气压场进行环流分型,由日平均海平面气压场算出6个环流指数（u、v、V、ξu、ξv、ξ）,并由此划分出27种不同的环流型。分型结果表明：横断山脉地区主要环流分型为E型、NE型、SE型、N型和C型,其频率分别为：21.4%、14.6%、13.7%、9.8%和9.5%;E和NE型环流频率逐渐增加,C型环流型频率逐渐减少。春季横断山脉地区主导环流比较繁琐;NE、N型为夏季的主要环流型,但E型环流在夏季的频率也相当大;秋季和冬季横断山脉地区的主导环流型都为E型和SE型。夏季主导环流型持续时间较长,冬季也是主导环流持续的时间较长,个别年份主导环流型持续时间超过了一个月,这主要与横断山脉地区复杂的地形有联系。     

2014年夏季长江流域持续性低温的大尺度环流异常

采用中国地面站气温逐日观测资料、NOAA全球逐日海表温度资料,及NCEP/NCAR的全球日均再分析资料,研究了2014年持续性低温的三维结构及大尺度环流异常。结果表明,2014年的低温异常,除了在陆地上区域性地出现在长江流域,还以大尺度带状的形式、从陆地延伸到海洋上。这种带状异常不只出现在近地面,在大气各层（925～500 hPa）都能看到。分析指出,大气中的这个低温带主要由高纬大气环流异常造成。在位势高度场上,最重要的异常出现在高纬60°N,有呈带状的位势高度正距平,它引导（距平意义上的）偏北气流从正北和东北偏东方向侵入,在其南侧形成一带状的偏低温区。大气各层均呈现出这种在高纬有位势高度正距平、相应地在稍南的低纬（40°N）有位势高度负距平、两者之间为低温区的分布特征。从低层往上,这种配置型式整体表现出由南往北的倾斜,其垂直剖面表现为距平意义上的、大尺度、类似于锋面的倾斜结构。文中用简单的概念模型对此进行理解,认为这种结构是由大气动力异常和热力异常相互影响、共同作用而形成的。     

THE INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY OF ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE REGIONAL RAINFALL OVER CHINA

The daily precipitation data of 740 stations in China(1958–2001)and the daily upper air data of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis dataset(1958–2001)are used to define an East Asian summer monsoon(EASM)index based on dynamic and thermal factors.The index is used to represent the front(or leading edge)of EASM to describe and characterize the advance and retreat of EASM objectively.During 1958–2001,the EASM movement underwent three interdecadal abrupt shifts in 1965,1980 and 1994,respectively.During 1958–1964,the front primarily concentrated in South China and North China,while it stayed at the mid-and lower-Yangtze River for a short period.During 1965–1979,the front was located in South China and the lower reach of Yellow River for a long time.During 1980–1993,the time in which the front of EASM stayed at the mid-and lower-Yangtze River was much longer,but it settled in North China for just a short time.During 1994–2001,the front generally concentrated in the south of the mid-and lower-Yangtze River.The three interdecadal shifts of EASM directly resulted in rainfall anomalies,as well as frequent disasters of flood and drought in East China.