高温高压下辉石弹性及相变研究进展

辉石(pyroxene)是地壳中重要的造岩矿物,同时也是上地幔中除橄榄石以外含量最多的矿物,对其弹性及相变的研究有助于更好的理解壳幔的物质组成、地震波速异常及动力学过程等.高温高压实验和理论模拟计算是目前探测地球深部物质物性的两种最有效的间接方法,因此本文在介绍了辉石矿物学特征的基础上,从实验和计算两个方面论述了近十几年来国内外学者对辉石的弹性及相变的研究进展,然后探讨了辉石相变与上地幔X不连续面的关系,最后指出了目前的研究存在的问题以及未来的研究展望.     

Experimental characterization of the impact of temperature and humidity on the breakdown of soil water repellency in sandy soils and composts

Soil water repellency is a widespread phenomenon with the capacity to alter hydrological and geomorphological processes. Water repellency decays with time, and the consequences are only of concern during the timescale at which the water repellency persists. This study aimed to characterize the influence of temperature and humidity on the breakdown of water repellency. Apparent contact angle measurements were carried out on samples consisting of sand treated with stearic acid as well as naturally repellent dune sands and composts. Temperature and humidity were controlled using a cooled incubator and a purpose designed enclosed box in which humidity could be raised or lowered. Results showed the contact angle of the stearic‐acid‐treated sands decayed with time and that there was a significant increase with stearic acid concentration. For all samples, the decay in apparent contact angle could be described with a continuous breakdown model. The stearic‐acid‐treated sands showed a significant increase in contact angle with relative humidity at a temperature of 10 and 20 °C. These differences diminished with increasing temperature. Similar results were seen for the dune sands and composts. Despite the influence of temperature and humidity on contact angles, there was no significant change in the rate at which the contact angle decayed in any sample. Absolute humidity was found to provide a more relevant indicator than relative humidity when assessing the influence of humidity on repellency over a range of temperatures. The contact angle initially increased with absolute humidity before plateauing owing to the confounding effect of temperature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The response in floodplain respiration of an alpine river to experimental inundation under different temperature regimes

The respiratory potential [i.e. electron transport system activity (ETSA)] of soils and sediments from five floodplain habitats (channel, gravel, islands, riparian forest and grassland) of the Urbach River, Switzerland, and actual respiration rate (R) of the same samples exposed to experimental inundation were measured. Measurements were carried out at three incubation temperatures (4°C, 12°C and 20°C), and ETSA/R ratios (i.e. exploitation of the overall metabolic capacity) were investigated to better understand the effects of temperature and inundation on floodplain functional heterogeneity. Furthermore, ETSA/R ratios obtained during experimental inundation were compared with ETSA/R ratios from field measurements to investigate the exploitation in total metabolic potential at different conditions. Lowest ETSA and R were measured in samples from channel and gravel habitats, followed by those from islands. Substantially higher values were measured in soils from riparian forest and grassland. Both ETSA and R increased with increasing temperature in samples from all habitats, while the ETSA/R ratio decreased because of a rapid response in microbial community respiration to higher temperatures. The metabolic capacity exploitation (i.e. ETSA/R) during experimental inundation was lowest in predominantly terrestrial samples (riparian forest and grassland), indicating the weakest response to wetted conditions. Comparison of experimentally inundated and field conditions revealed that in rarely flooded soils, the metabolic capacity was less exploited during inundation than during non‐flooded conditions. The results suggest high sensitivity in floodplain respiration to changes in temperature and hydrological regime. ETSA/R ratios are considered good indicators of changes in metabolic activity of floodplain soils and sediments, and thus useful to estimate the impact of changes in hydrological regime or to evaluate success of floodplain restoration actions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Luminescence study of the initial,pre-casting firing temperatures of clay mould and core used for bronze casting at Yinxu (13c. BC∼11c. BC)

During the Anyang period in Shang dynasty (13c.BC ∼ 11c.BC), the bronze manufacture of Ancient China reached its maximum glory and splendor, as evidenced by the casting moulds and cores unearthed in the Yinxu. The pre-casting firing temperature of the moulds, one of the key technologies in the casting system, is still a controversial issue. In this article, the firing temperature of the mould and the core, unearthed at the Xiaomintun Site, Yin ruins, is estimated to be 600°C–700 °C, analyzed by luminescence techniques. This study can settle down the dispute in the results of the thermal expansion analysis.     

海口ZK26井多层位水温对比观测

在系统清理海口ZK26井3个不同层位(-153 m、-336 m、-510 m)近10年观测资料对比的基础上,对比单井多层位水温动态多年趋势、年、月、日动态类型,并对其不同动态类型的成因及影响因素进行分析.对比观测结果表明,海口ZK26井不同层位的水温表现出不同的正常动态特征,与观测层位的水文条件、水力性质有着密切的联...     

山西运城东郭井水温梯度测试及其结果分析

山西运城东郭观测井是山西省"十五"项目新建的地下流体物理观测井,于2007年10月12日进行数字观测正式产出资料。根据"十五"前兆台网《SZW-1A型数字式温度计(V2004)》安装条件要求,2007年12月25日对观测井进行了一次水温梯度测试,目的是了解该井井水温度背景值,确定水温观测部位,明确井筒中的热系统与含水层的关系,为下一步分析水温微动态提供参考依据。     

高温作用后砂岩力学性质研究

对临沂市莒南县砂岩进行经历25~850℃高温作用后的力学试验。结合扫描电镜技术对高温作用后砂岩试样的物理力学性质和微观结构的变化规律进行观察。研究表明:砂岩的峰值强度在25~400℃间存在一定的波动,但整体上变化不大;在400℃以后,试样的峰值强度开始迅速下降;砂岩试样的变形位移总体上随处理温度升高而增大,在400℃以前变化不大,当温度高于400℃后峰值强度对应的位移迅速增加。扫描电镜图片显示当加热温度越高时砂岩微观孔隙越多,特别是在500℃时,部分颗粒胶结物已经遭受破坏。     

Long-time emergence patterns of Limnophora species (Diptera,Muscidae) in specific karst habitats: tufa barriers

The hunter-fly genus Limnophora (Muscidae: Coenosiinae) is an important component of running water assemblages. Both adults and larvae are predators, the adults mostly feeding on blackflies (Simuliidae) and other small aquatic insects. This study was conducted at two tufa barriers in Plitvice Lakes National Park (NP) (tufa barrier Labudovac and tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac) and at two tufa barriers in Krka National Park (NP) (tufa barrier Roški slap and tufa barrier Skradinski buk). Adults were collected monthly from February 2007 until December 2013 at Plitvice Lakes NP and from September 2013 to October 2014 at Krka NP, using pyramid-type emergence traps. Over the 7-year study period at the Plitvice Lakes tufa barriers, a total of 193 specimens belonging to 6 species were collected, while during the 1-year study period at the Krka tufa barriers a total of 848 specimens belonging to 4 species were collected. Abundance of Limnophora specimens at the Krka NP sites was up to 30 times higher than at the Plitvice Lakes NP sites, which could be attributed to higher levels of potential food and higher water temperatures. The dominant species at the Plitvice Lakes sites were Limnophora pulchriceps and Limnophora riparia. At the Krka tufa barriers, the dominant species at site Roški slap was Limnophora croatica and at site Skradinski buk Limnophora riparia. The highest numbers of emerging specimens at all sites were present in the summer months. At the Plitvice Lakes sites most species were univoltine or bivoltine, while at the Krka sites most species were multivoltine. Water temperature was the main factor influencing the timing of emergence and the duration of the flight period. The highest abundance of Limnophora species was recorded over moss substrate. A significant positive correlation emerged between the numbers of emerging prey and the numbers of emerging specimens of Limnophora. These results give a new insight into the microhabitat preferences and prey-predator relationships of Limnophora.     

近40年南方高温变化特征与2003年的高温事件

利用从全国743个站点数据集中挑选出的江南、华南地区的121个站点1961-2004年逐日日最高气温和日平均气温资料,分析了近40多年来我国南方地区最高气温的变化特征。结果表明：2003年夏季江南、华南地区出现大范围异常高温天气。虽然在1961-2004年间,江南、华南地区年平均最高气温和年平均气温均有增加趋势,但夏季极端高温事件（≥35℃日数）并没有显著增加的趋势。分析最高气温的概率分布特征,得出2003年夏季江南、华南地区出现的极端酷热天气,只是年际变化的表现,而不是长期变化趋势的反映。