机载多光谱影像语义分割模型在农田防护林提取中的应用

农田防护林是农田生态系统的屏障,其健康状况的监测与评估在我国北方农田林网管理中尤为重要。本文以新疆生产建设兵团第三师51团为研究区,使用复合翼无人机CW-20搭载Micro MCA12 Snap多光谱相机获取农田防护林的多光谱影像,经辐射校正、裁剪等预处理,通过优选有效特征和模型比较,提出农田防护林提取的有效方法。首先,基于原始12波段,依据相关性系数矩阵和最佳指数因子（Optimum Index Factor,OIF）选取最优3波段和植被指数特征进行组合,构建8种农田防护林提取方案;然后,通过建立语义分割Deeplabv3+模型进行精度评价,得到最优3波段组合6（波长710 nm）、8（波长800 nm）、 11（波长900 nm）波段为最佳特征组合;最后,以最优3波段为基础,将Deeplabv3+模型与U-Net、ENVINet5模型进行对比分析。结果表明：Deeplabv3+模型能够更深层次的挖掘光谱中潜在的信息,相比其他模型,能够较好地处理正负样本不均衡问题,获得最高MIoU值85.54%,比U-Net、ENVINet5的MIoU值则分别高出21.21%、27.19%。该研究结果可为基于多光谱遥感影像的语义分割在农田防护林提取及健康状况监测的应用提供借鉴和参考。     

The Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Water and Heat Exchanges over the Alpine Wetland in the East of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Alpine wetland is one of the typical underlying surfaces on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. It plays a crucial role in runoff regulation. Investigations on the mechanisms of water and heat exchanges are necessary to understand the land surface processes over the alpine wetland. This study explores the characteristics of hydro-meteorological factors with in situ observations and uses the Community Land Model 5 to identify the main factors controlling water and heat exchanges.Latent heat flux and therm...     

珠江三角洲地区大气CO2浓度特征及地面风的作用

利用光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术在线观测了广州番禺大气成分站(GPACS)的大气CO₂浓度特征,分析了地面风对CO₂的作用。结果表明：(1)大气CO₂在珠江三角洲地区存在明显的地域不均匀特征,2014—2016年期间GPACS的年均本底浓度比全球背景地区平均增加了22.5×10^-6(22.5 ppm);(2)大气CO₂浓度在春季最高,冬、秋季次之,夏季最低,年均值为426.64±15.76 ppm;(3) CO₂的日变化为双峰结构,峰值分别在05:00—07:00和21:00—22:00,谷值在13:00—15:00,表明受到了自然过程以及人为排放源的复合影响;(4)风场显著影响CO₂的浓度分布,春、夏季CO₂浓度距平日变化与地面风速为显著负相关,秋、冬季则为显著正相关。在春、夏季,S-WSW和NNE-N风向上CO₂浓度较低,在秋、冬季,SSE-S和N方向均导致CO₂浓...     

基于动态化简的多源数据相似性评估

随着空间数据获取手段和途径的丰富,多源数据的差异性对数据更新的影响一直备受关注。本文提出一种基于动态化简的多源空间数据相似性评估方法。首先,将多个来源数据分别与参考数据用传统方法进行匹配;其次,利用加入动态化简的匹配方法对多源数据重新匹配;最后,分析上述两次匹配结果的差异,从数据匹配的角度出发,通过整体一致性和数据详细程度评估对数据匹配质量进行对比,根据获取的评估结果实现更新数据的选择。通过实验和分析,验证了本文方法的科学性和可操作性。     

基于差分技术的悬索桥主缆高程测量误差修正方法

悬索桥基准索股是主缆架设的重要部分,基准索股垂直度测量主要采用三角高程测量法,而大气垂直折光差是影响三角高程测量的主要误差源。本文以等影响原则为前提,对差分技术的原理进行分析,利用基准点已知信息,对三角高程测量中的大气垂直折光差进行修正,从而提高基准索股垂直度测量的精度。上述方法能够满足主缆架设精度要求,并且在实际应用中得到了较好的结果,可为类似桥梁工程提供指导。     

公路走廊带景观破碎度的空间分异研究

近年来,我国公路对自然生态环境的影响随着通车里程的增加而日益显著。在公路选线的过程中,全面分析拟建公路走廊带内景观破碎度的空间分异特征,可有效减少公路修建对生态环境的不利影响。本文利用遥感分类技术和GIS(地理信息系统)空间分析方法,以湖南长湘公路走廊带某段土地斑块和景观分类为基础,借助斑块密度指数、最大斑块指数和相似邻近比指数,在斑块类型水平和景观水平两个层面全面分析公路走廊带内自然林地景观、农业景观和城乡建设景观破碎度的空间分异特征。结果表明:长湘公路走廊带内景观破碎度高的地区主要分布在大型斑块边缘、平原地区以及公路沿线;自然林地景观和农业景观的破碎度较低,城乡建设景观的破碎度较高;城乡建设景观的破碎度与公路相关性最强,表现出顺应公路走向的条带状蔓延特征。该研究成果可为公路选线方案的制订和完善提供环境影响方面的参考。     

THE ANALYSIS OF MECHANISM OF IMPACT OF AEROSOLS ON EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX AND ONSET

RegCM4.3, a high-resolution regional climate model, which includes five kinds of aerosols(dust, sea salt,sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon), is employed to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) from 1995 to 2010 and the simulation data are used to study the possible impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on EASM.The results show that the regional climate model can well simulate the EASM and the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols. The EASM index is reduced by about 5% by the natural and anthropogenic aerosols and the monsoon onset time is also delayed by about a pentad except for Southeast China. The aerosols heat the middle atmosphere through absorbing solar radiation and the air column expands in Southeast China and its offshore areas. As a result, the geopotential height decreases and a cyclonic circulation anomaly is generated in the lower atmosphere. Northerly wind located in the west of cyclonic circulation weakens the low-level southerly wind in the EASM region. Negative surface radiative forcing due to aerosols causes downward motion and an indirect meridional circulation is formed with the low-level northerly wind and high-level southerly wind anomaly in the north of 25° N in the monsoon area, which weakens the vertical circulation of EASM. The summer precipitation of the monsoon region is significantly reduced,especially in North and Southwest China where the value of moisture flux divergence increases.     

北京地区静稳天气综合指数的初步构建及其在环境气象中的应用

静稳天气与大气重污染的发生有紧密联系,为定量描述大气的静稳程度,文章研发了静稳天气综合指数。结合统计和预报经验,挑选发生大气污染的气象要素及其阈值条件,通过权重求和得到初步构建静稳天气指数(SWI)。此后,基于近13年的气象数据,分段统计各气象要素不同区间内雾-霾天气出现概率相对气候态的倍数作为分指数,根据分指数最大值和最小值的比值排序,得到10个对静稳天气具有较强指示意义的气象要素,对这10个要素的分指数求和得到静稳天气指数。改进后的指数和PM_(2.5)浓度有更好的相关性。以2015年1月一次重污染过程为例,分析不同阶段SWI和AQI指数的变化,两者具有较好的一致性,均表现出发展阶段稳定增长,消散阶段迅速降低的特征。应用静稳天气指数评估发现,APEC减排期间京津冀地区大气静稳程度和减排之前相当,但污染持续时间和峰值强度较减排前明显降低。SWI可以在重污染天气预报和重大活动减排措施评估中得到有效应用。     

Discovering spatial and temporal patterns from taxi-based Floating Car Data: a case study from Nanjing

Floating Car Data (FCD) refers to the trajectories of vehicles equipped with Global Positioning System-enabled devices that automatically record location-related data within a short time interval. As taxies in Chinese cities continually drive along the streets seeking passengers, FCD can easily traverse the entire street network in a city on a daily basis. Taking advantage of this situation, this study extracted passenger pickup and drop-off locations from FCD sourced from 6445 taxis over a 2-week period in Nanjing, China to discover human behavioral patterns and the dynamics behind them. In this study, road nodes are converted to the points, based on which Thiessen polygons are generated to divide the study area into small areas with the goal of exploring the spatial distribution of pickup and drop-off locations. Moran’s I index is used to calculate the spatial autocorrelation of the spatial distribution of pickup and drop-off locations, and hot spot analysis is used to identify statistically significant spatial clusters of hot and cold spots. The spatial and temporal patterns of FCD in the study area are investigated, and the results show that: (1) the temporal patterns show a strong daily rhythm, (2) the spatial patterns show that the number of pickup and drop-off locations gradually diminish from the downtown areas to the outer suburbs, (3) the spatiotemporal patterns exhibit large differences over time, and (4) the driving forces explored by regression models indicate that population density and transportation density are consistent with the population distribution, but per capita disposable income is not consistent with the population distribution.     

采动区旧址文物类建筑物评价方法

针对采动区旧址文物类建(构)筑物的特殊性,文章提出采动影响下旧址文物类建(构)筑物损坏的多因素单一综合评价方法。以安源煤矿革命旧址建(构)筑物为研究对象,系统分析了革命旧址建(构)筑物的损坏原因,并确定相应的评价指标,采用加权平均法对建(构)筑物的损害进行综合评价分析。结果表明,评价结果与实际损坏程度相符,反映了革命旧址建(构)筑物不同于普通结构建筑物的特殊性,为采动区旧址文物类建(构)筑物损坏的评价方法提供新的途径。