关键区海温年代际异常对我国东部夏季降水影响

利用1931—2010年UKMO HADISST1全球月海表温度、NOAA再分析资料及我国东部96个站月降水量资料,使用REOF,SVD及合成分析等方法探讨了关键区冬季海表温度 (SST) 年代际异常对我国东部夏季降水的影响。结果表明:当冬季黑潮区SST年代际异常处于正位相时,夏季500 hPa中高纬度地区位势高度呈“+-+”距平分布,西风带经向环流盛行,西太平洋副热带高压加强、西伸;850 hPa风场距平场上,北方地区为反气旋性异常控制,南海上空为异常偏南气流,这样的环流配置有利于我国东部夏季多雨带出现在长江中下游地区;当冬季南印度洋偶极子 (SIOD) 年代际异常处于正位相时,夏季500 hPa中高纬度地区位势高度为正距平,阻塞形势发展,经向环流盛行,有利于冷空气南下,西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强,位置略偏南、偏西;850 hPa风场距平场上,北方地区为一反气旋性异常控制,异常偏北气流延伸至我国南方地区,索马里越赤道气流偏强。这种环流配置使得副热带锋区偏南,夏季多雨带位于华南及东南沿海地区。     

湍流微气象观测的印痕分析方法及其应用拓展

在地面与大气间湍流相互作用的研究工作中,印痕(footprint)与印痕分析发挥着越来越重要的作用。文中介绍微气象学意义下印痕与印痕分析的理论、方法、历史和最新研究进展。着重介绍了具有理论和实用意义的数学解析印痕模型和拉格朗日数值印痕模型。对印痕分析在实际工作中的应用与问题进行了评述。文中明确指出了印痕概念的三维空间性质,探讨了将印痕分析从微气象学范畴拓展到中尺度范围的可能性, 及其在大气环境问题研究中的意义。     

阿留申低压次季节尺度异常对北太平洋冬季降水的影响分析

利用1979—2018年的冬季逐日气象数据,研究了北太平洋地区冬季（12月至次年2月）阿留申低压次季节尺度变化特征,分析了次季节尺度阿留申低压异常与降水和极端降水异常之间的联系。选择1979—2018年共40个阿留申低压次季节尺度从异常增强到减弱的完整事件,记录下每个位相具体日期运用于合成分析。通过合成分析的结果可知：次季节尺度阿留申低压异常增强（减弱）时,北太平洋海盆区的降水呈现出明显的东多（少）西少（多）,同时副热带西太平洋略偏多（少）的分布型。次季节尺度蒸发异常和整层水汽输送散度异常能够解释以上降水异常的空间分布。在阿留申低压异常偏强时,自北太平洋中部向东北延伸至北美沿岸区域内大气河发生频率增加,使得海盆中部向东和东北汇聚更多的水汽,北美西海岸地区更易发生极端降水事件。     

Longitudinal and temporal patterns of benthic coarse particulate organic matter in the Agüera stream (northern Spain)

Benthic coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) was studied between November 92 and December 93 at four sites along the longitudinal gradient of the Agüera stream system (Northern Spain). CPOM was sorted in four main categories: leaves (several species), fruits and seeds, twigs and debris. Headwater site showed higher densities of total CPOM, leaves and twigs than downstream reaches, but no regular longitudinal pattern of change was noticed. The ranges of mean CPOM standing stock at the sampling sites were 20.5–74.1 g AFDW m^–2 (site B), 9.9–47.7 g AFDW m^–2 (site 5), 4.3–21.4g AFDW m^–2 (site 7) and 9.8–37.9 g AFDW m^–2 (site 9). The particulate matter at downstream sites was in a more advanced stage of breakdown probably as a result of processing and transport from upstream reaches. Leaves species composition of benthic CPOM clearly reflected the type of riparian vegetation at each site. The timing of inputs and the hydrologic regime appeared to act together influencing temporal dynamics of benthic CPOM. A gradual temporal change in species composition of benthic leaf litter was observed under natural mature deciduous forest: first alder, later chestnut and finally oak.     

北极涛动异常对西北地区东部沙尘暴频次的影响

利用西北地区东部沙尘暴日数资料、北极涛动指数资料、东亚高低空大气环流形势场资料,分析了沙尘暴日数与北极涛动的关系,进而研究了北极涛动异常年东亚大气环流分布特征,探讨了北极涛动影响西北地区东部沙尘暴的可能途径。结果表明：西北地区东部沙尘暴频次呈波动减少之势,20世纪80年代中期发生气候突变;北极涛动指数与西北地区东部沙尘暴频次显著负相关,二者年际、年代际变化都有较好的应关系,北极涛动正位相年,西北地区东部沙尘暴偏少,反之亦然。究其原因：北极涛动异常对东亚冬季风强度、东亚高低空气压场、风场分布形势有重要影响：北极涛动正位相年,东亚冬季风、蒙古高压均偏弱;500 hPa高度场上,春季西风带纬向环流占优势,极涡面积偏小,强度偏弱,贝加尔湖阻塞高压异常强盛,蒙古国及我国华北和西北地区位于贝加尔湖阻塞高压底部的暖区里,地面至高空西北风偏弱;在这种形势下,整个中高纬度冷空气势力较弱,活动次数偏少,不利于大风、寒潮天气的发生,因此沙尘暴频次也偏少。而北极涛动负位相年基本相反。     

Gravitational tidal waves in Titan's upper atmosphere

Tidal waves driven by Titan's orbital eccentricity through the time-dependent component of Saturn's gravitational potential attain nonlinear, saturation amplitudes (|T^′|>10 K, , and ) in the upper atmosphere (?500 km) due to the approximate exponential growth as the inverse square root of pressure. The gravitational tides, with vertical wavelengths of ∼100-150 km above 500 km altitude, carry energy fluxes sufficient in magnitude to affect the energy balance of the upper atmosphere with heating rates in the altitude range of 500-900 km.     

积分浊度计在沙尘暴监测网试验中应用分析

中国气象局在沙尘暴监测网各站点安装了积分浊度计，这是国内首次利用积分浊度计进行大面积气溶胶光学性质的监测。文章选取北京观象台2003年9月2日至11月18日散射系数数据以及部分PMIO质量浓度数据，结合气象资料分析了观测期间散射系数的变化特征，散射系数与PMIO质量浓度以及能见度的关系，得出观测期间散射系数的平均值(标准偏差)为306．2Mm^-1(292．78Mm^-1)；风速对散射系数有重要影响；散射系数与PMIO质量浓度有较好的相关性(r=0．761)，与能见度存在负相关关系(r=-0．716)。     

东亚夏季风水汽输送带及其对中国大暴雨与洪涝灾害的影响

东亚夏季风每年给中国东部地区带来充沛的降水，是中国水资源的主要来源，同时也常常给中国造成严重的洪涝灾害。东亚夏季风水汽输送的强度、影响范围和持续性在极端暴雨过程中起着关键的作用。这支夏季风气流的水汽输送带可称为东亚季风水汽输送带，与国际上近期提出的"大气河"概念相近，但又不完全相同。东亚夏季风水汽输送带是东亚夏季风最具地区性的特征，也是东亚地区夏季大暴雨和洪涝的制造者。本文根据近百年来的资料，综合评述了东亚夏季风水汽输送带的特征和形成原因，并以海河、黄河、淮河与长江近百年最强的5次持续大暴雨过程为例，分析了季风水汽输送带的重要作用。最后，提出气候变暖可以通过4个方面影响全球水循环，包括气候变暖后大气可容纳更多的水汽、大气环流发生变化、辐射强迫改变以及气溶胶影响的区域性等，这些变化都会对季风水汽输送带产生重要影响。     

The effect of the new Massachusetts Bay sewage outfall on the concentrations of metals and bacterial spores in nearby bottom and suspended sediments

Since the new outfall for Boston's treated sewage effluent began operation on September 6, 2000, no change has been observed in concentrations of silver or Clostridium perfringens spores (an ecologically benign tracer of sewage), in bottom sediments at a site 2.5 km west of the outfall. In suspended sediment samples collected with a time-series sediment trap located 1.3 km south of the outfall, silver and C. perfringens spores increased by 38% and 103%, respectively, in post-outfall samples while chromium, copper, and zinc showed no change. All metal concentrations in sediments are <50% of warning levels established by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. An 11-year data set of bottom sediment characteristics collected three times per year prior to outfall startup provides perspective for the interpretation of post-outfall data. A greater than twofold increase in concentrations of sewage tracers (silver and C. perfringens) was observed in muddy sediments following the exceptional storm of December 11-16, 1992 that presumably moved contaminated inshore sediment offshore.     

Simulation Study About the Influence of Atmospheric Stratification on Lightning Activities

A 2D model about charging and discharging processes in thundercloud is used to simulate three differential atmospheric stratifications resulting in discrepant thunderstorm processes in Beijing region. The dynamic and microphysical processes in thunderstorm and their influence on lightning activities are also discussed.The results indicate that ascending velocity and water vapor axe the most important factors to influence lightning activities. At the same time, they affect each other and are together controlled by atmospheric stratification. The magnitude of the ascending velocity determines the intensity of storm and the time when the thunderstorm matured. The thunderstorm with strong updrafts can reach a large height in a short time. Strong persistent updrafts and sufficient water vapor which help to generate more ice phase hydrometeors that directly influence charging and discharging process will prolong the mature stage of the thunderstorm and thereby enhance lightning activities. Though the big density of ice phase hydrometeors can be formed, it is difficult to sustain a long time in the condition of strong updrafts and scant water vapor. Under the condition of weak updrafts and suffcient water vapor in the whole levels, it is easy to form warm cloud process in which the ice phase process and lightning activities are weak. The favorable stratification conditions for strong lightning activities are the sufficient vapor in the lower atmosphere,moderate humidity in the mid troposphere, big instability energy and some suitable convective inhibition.Through calculating some atmospheric instability parameters, it is indicated that convective instability index smaller than -10℃ (negative means instable), convective available potential energy larger than 1000 J kg-1,convective inhibition larger than 40 J kg-1, the 700-hPa potential equivalent temperature larger than 340 K and the 35%-85% humidity in the mid troposphere (700-400 hPa) are the advantageous conditions for strong lightning activities.