Type-specific and indicator taxa of phytoplankton as a quality criterion for assessing the ecological status of Finnish boreal lakes

Key issues in the implementation of the Water Framework Directive are classification of lakes using biological quality parameters and type-specific reference conditions. This work is one of three studies considering different metrics of phytoplankton in the classification of ecological status. Phytoplankton was studied in a total of 55 Finnish boreal lakes, including 32 reference lakes. We tested the suitability of taxonomic composition and abundance of phytoplankton groups for biological classification. We also preliminarily determined the type-specific taxa for the studied lakes. The type-specific taxa for reference conditions are coincidently the indicator species/taxa for high ecological status. Interestingly, some taxa type-specific for impacted oligo-humic lakes proved to be the type-specific taxa for humic reference lakes. The pressure of human impact was observed not only as increase of biomass but also as changes in the species composition. The phytoplankton composition indicated the ecological status of impacted lakes moderately well. There was some variation in the indications given by different algal groups, probably due to the preliminary class boundaries used. However, the preliminary combination of indicative parameters to estimate the ecological status of the studied impacted lakes was in general in accordance with earlier classification of water quality in Finnish lakes.     

The coupling instability of Rossby and topographic Rossby waves in the equatorial area

Before the 1980s, El Ni?o was believed as the sea surface warming along the coast of Peru in South America. As the positive anomaly strengths, the warm water expands westward along the equator to form large area of anomalous high sea surface temperature. Rasmusson and Carpenter (1982) summarized the de-velopment process of the sea surface warm water and the corresponding wind field[1] during ENSO cylce. However, this canonical El Ni?o was questioned by 1982-1983 warm episode and later dat…     

青岛地区电场仪资料在一次雷暴天气过程中的应用分析

利用大气电场仪资料,结合天气实况、天气雷达和闪电定位仪等资料,对2013年7月1日青岛地区一次雷暴天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明,当地面电场强度曲线在几十到几百毫秒量级内发生极性反转,变化幅度在2 kV/m以上,且完成后电场值会迅速回到极性反转前的电场值附近时,可以判断为发生了一次地闪。单站电场强度曲线可以反映出雷暴云与测站间距离的变化,闪电发生前电场强度的增加可为雷电预警提供时间。大气电场仪组网监测资料可以对雷暴云的移动路径做出判断。综合分析大气电场仪组网数据、天气雷达以及闪电定位资料等多源资料,可以更好地判断雷暴云的活动状况,提高雷电的预警准确率和时间提前量。     

2006年川渝地区夏季干旱的成因分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料、全国160站降水资料、向外长波辐射OLR（outgoinglongwave radiation）资料和所计算的热源资料,分析了2006年夏季东亚大气环流的异常特征,并研究了热力异常与川渝地区夏季降水的关系。结果表明,2006年夏季由南向北的水汽输送较常年偏弱;西太洋副热带高压较常年异常偏强,脊线位置明显偏北,川渝地区受高压系统影响盛行下沉气流,中高纬环流场则表现为乌拉尔山地区和东北亚区域无明显阻塞高压形势,冷空气活动比常年弱;南亚高压比常年偏北偏强,持续控制川渝地区;2006年夏季青藏高原热源偏弱,热带西太平洋暖池区热源偏强,是引起西太平洋副热带高压偏北偏强的重要原因之一。川渝地区夏季降水与西太平洋副热带高压的异常变化有密切关系,川渝地区夏季干旱年,西太平洋副热带高压偏北,并且引起西太平洋副热带高压偏北的原因与2006年类似。     

绥中一次暴雪伴雷电天气过程的成因分析

为了探讨绥中一次暴雪伴雷电天气过程的成因,利用常规观测资料、NCEP每6h间隔的1°×1°的再分析资料和营口多普勒雷达的资料,分析此过程的天气形势特点、高低空急流的作用、雷达回波的特征及反映动力、热力和水汽条件的相关物理量场的特征。结果发现:雷电发生在对流层中层的西南风急流和底层偏东风均处在最强的时刻,当对流云团发展到-20℃温度层时,温差起电产生雷电;雷电发生在低层850hPa附近存在的逆温层消失之后,同时配合低层水汽的辐合,产生了暴雪天气;雷电和强降雪发生在大气底层南风和北风转换的过程中,强降雪的时间与冷空气扩散加强的时间比较一致,当冷空气扩散到整个大气底层时强降雪结束;引起雷电和强降雪的对流不稳定层结主要处在对流层中层,并为上升运动的发生提供了动力和热力条件,促使雷电发生和强降雪的维持。     

华北盛夏暴雨过程的能量特征分析

本文利用实况资料和T213输出资料,对发生在2005年8月16日～17日的华北暴雨过程进行了能量学特征分析,结果表明:暴雨前24h～36h,对流层上下层有暖湿空气同时发展,是暴雨发生的重要动力机制;强的干、湿静力能锋区稳定维持是这次大范围暴雨产生的能量基础,中低层湿静力能差值大于0,且数值很大,说明对流不稳定层结很强,暴雨发生在高能、高不稳定度的条件下;水汽的充足补给作用,是这次暴雨过程能量转换的基础。     

大气污染物SOx输送方程的尺度分析

文中用量纲分析方法分析了控制大气污染物输送方程的动力学特性。提出了 6种反映大气污染物输送过程中各种动力、物理和化学过程相对重要性的动力学参数。并以硫氧化物为例进行了各参数量级大小分析 ,尤其对 3种起汇作用 (去除机理 )的机理 (化学转化、干沉降和湿清除 )在不同尺度大气污染过程中的作用进行了详细分析。结果表明 :在一般情况下 ,SO2 的气相化学作用小于干沉降和湿清除的作用 ;干沉降作用很依赖于模式最底层厚度的选取 ;在有降雨时湿清除作用一般较大。文中还对大气污染物SOx 输送方程各项特征量的量级作了分析对比 ,得出了控制不同尺度大气污染物输送过程的零级近似方程和一级近似方程 ,并指出了这些方程的基本特征     

西北太平洋热带气旋生成数在1990年代中期发生突变的气候环境特征分析

利用CMA热带气旋(TC)最佳路径资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析1949—2013年西北太平洋(包括南海)TC生成数的变化特征,发现在1995年前后发生由偏多到偏少的显著突变。对影响TC生成的主要气候环境要素场进行对比分析表明,在1995年之后,虽然赤道西太平洋海表温度偏高,热带太平洋为类La Ni?a的异常海温型,但垂直上升运动减弱、对流层纬向风垂直切变幅度增大、海平面气压升高,均不利于TC的生成,其综合影响导致TC数目显著减少。对1995年前后两个时期TC生成多、少典型年份海洋大气环境场的对比分析表明,1995年以前热带海洋表面温度对TC生成有相对重要的影响,而1995年以后风场环境对TC生成的影响作用更重要。      

Biomass Burning in Southern Africa: Individual Particle Characterization of Atmospheric Aerosols and Savanna Fire Samples

Ambient atmospheric aerosols and savanna fireparticulate emission samples from southern Africa werecharacterised in terms of particle classes and theirnumber abundance by electron probe X-ray microanalysis(EPXMA). About ten particle classes were identifiedfor each sample. The major classes werealuminosilicates and sea salts for ambient coarse(2–10 m equivalent aerodynamic diameter (EAD))samples, and K-S and S-only particles for ambient fine(<2 m EAD) samples. The K-S particles are oneof the major products of biomass burning. The EPXMAresults were found to be consistent with the resultsfrom bulk analyses on a sample by sample basis. Forsavanna fire fine samples, quantitative EPXMA revealedthat many particles had a composition of simple saltssuch as KCl. Some particles had a deviatingcomposition in the sense that more ionic species wereinvolved in sustaining the balance between cations andanions, and they were composite or mixed salts.Because of extensive processing during the atmospherictransport, the composition of the K-S particles in theambient samples was different from K₂SO₄,and such particles were enriched with S. The finepyrogenic KCl particles and the fine sea-saltparticles were much depleted in chlorine.     

SEM-EDX Characterisation of Tropospheric Aerosols in the Negev Desert (Israel)

Individual aerosol particles collected in the Negev desert in Israel during a summer and winter campaign in 1996–1997 were analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to interpret the data on the basis of particle diameter and composition. Eleven particle classes (groups) provided clues on sources and/or particle formation. The summer samples were enriched in sulphates and mineral dusts; the winter samples contained more sea salts, aged sea salts, and industrial particles. The fine size fraction below 1 m diameter was enriched in secondary particles and showed evidence of atmospheric processing. The secondary sulphate particles were mainly attributed to long-range transport. A regional conversion from calcite to calcium sulphate occurred during summer. Industrial particles originating from local pollution appeared during winter.