http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001545

The presence of natural voids and cavities in subsurface karstic limestones causes severe problem for civil engineering and environmental management.The presence of such features hinders the extension of urbanizations particularly in the new metropolitan.The eastern part of Saudi Arabia contains various types of karstic limestone,sinkholes,solution cavities and voids.In this context,geophysical methods particularly electrical resistivity technique is used as a cost-effective solution for investigating subsurface caves,voids,and shallow weathered zones.2-D electrical resistivity data sets have been acquired along seven profiles in the new urbanization at Al Hassa area.Data processing has been carried out taking into consideration the response of synthetic models,which simulates physical models of the most common karstic features in the area.The results are very useful to determine the extension of shallow weathered zones and to locate different cavities underneath them.The hard limestone bedrock can also be detected and traced along the surveyed profiles.     

Developing an algorithm for reconstruction of blocky systems in discontinuous media: two-dimensional analysis

Block detection is one of the most important steps in all discontinuous methods of analysis like Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (DDA) and Discrete Element Method (DEM). This is in fact a pre-processing step for those methods. In this study, a comprehensive computational algorithm, for tracing rock block created by discontinuities, has been developed. Using square matrices with integer elements and performing edge regularization step, reduce the size of the matrices due to elimination of unnecessary edges and vertices. Therefore speed and accuracy of block tracing operation will be increased. This algorithm is able to trace and identify all kind of blocks including convex and concave blocks formed by limited or unlimited fractures. The algorithm was programmed in C#.Net by over 3400 code lines and some cases were modeled by the code as example.     

C_4植物的出现与全球环境变化

C4 光合作用途径 (C4 植物 )的出现和随后的扩展 ,是发生在新生代晚期的重大事件。这一事件是晚新生代全球环境演化的产物。C4 植物在某些生态系统中占据主导地位 ,又通过食物链 ,影响了动物 ,特别是食草动物的演化。以C4 植物为主的干草原环境甚至与人类的起源有着某种成因上的联系。C4 植物的出现对中新世以来全球环境变化和现代环境格局形成过程具有特殊的意义。文中就C4 植物出现和扩展的时间、C4 植物的分布和生态特征、C4 植物出现的环境背景、构造运动 ,特别是印度和欧亚板块碰撞以及由青藏高原强烈隆升引发的侵蚀作用和大气组分变化及其与C4 植物出现的联系等问题作了较为系统的综述。文章还介绍了中国北方现代草本植物的δ13 C值的最新研究结果 ,并就草本植物δ13 C值与环境参数之间可能的关系进行了初步讨论。     

改进HOT的高分影像自动去薄云算法

为了有效去除薄云对高分光学影像造成的干扰,解决传统算法自动化程度低、去薄云效果不理想的问题,提出改进的薄云最优化变换(Improved Haze-Optimized Transformation,IHOT)算法。首先采用暗原色先验知识从薄云影像中自动选取晴空区,运用薄云最优化变换检测薄云,再创新性地利用植被区域云检测精度较高的特点改进检测结果,最终使用虚拟云点法进行薄云去除。利用高分一号影像进行实验,证明该文提出的算法能够有效地去除薄云对高分影像的影响,尤其对人造地物的色彩和纹理信息恢复效果优于传统算法。     

新疆大气可降水量的气候特征及其变化

利用1961—2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日资料,分析了新疆地区不同季节大气可降水量（APW）的气候分布特征和变化趋势。结果表明:新疆夏季APW小于季风区界限25 mm,从该角度表明新疆为非季风区。APW空间分布呈塔里木盆地和准格尔盆地为高值区,海拔高的阿勒泰山、天山和昆仑山为低值区。APW夏季最大,但小于同纬度东部季风区,春、秋次之,冬季最少,春、秋和冬季APW与同纬度东部季风接近。APW的地理分布与实际降水量分布相反,其最大（最小）区域却为降水量最小（最大）区,受西风带影响,新疆APW模态主要表现全疆一致变化,分布稳定,与降水模态分布差异性大有显著不同,且近40 a来无显著变化趋势,表明决定新疆降水差异的根本原因不在于水汽的多少,而是由降水产生的动力条件、水汽辐合和其他因素差异决定的。     

沙漠地区春季近地层气象要素分布规律的观测研究

利用2005年1月至2006年4月朱日和地区20 m气象塔的风向、风速、气温、相对湿度的观测资料,分析沙漠地区春季近地层气象要素的分布规律。结果表明: 春季温度回升,风速最大,相对湿度最小,利于起沙,故沙尘天气频繁。风速满足幂指数率分布规律,并且幂指数m能够很好的反映出风速梯度的变化情况;在沙尘暴、扬沙、背景、浮尘的天气条件下,春季近地面层风速梯度依次增大,湍流动量、热量交换系数依次减小;风向以西南为主。浮尘、扬沙天气各气层平均增温率分别大于或小于同时段的背景大气;沙尘暴期间温度下降,平均降温率为0.61 ℃\5h-1。春季相对湿度的平均递减率(递增率)与平均增温率(降温率)的大小正相关。浮尘天气相对湿度的平均递减率大于同时段的背景大气;扬沙天气相对湿度的平均递减率小于同时段的背景大气;沙尘暴天气相对湿度增大,平均增大率为2.80%\5h-1。     

气候检测与归因的格兰杰检验法

为揭示气候变化并探索其可能原因,引入了格兰杰因果检验法。在叙述其基本原理的基础上,对影响中国气温变化的若干因子进行了检验。论证了通过检验的因子与中国气温变化的可能物理联系,着重说明了二氧化碳增加对中国气温变化的影响,解释了我国增温滞后于全球气温变化的原因。由此证实格兰杰因果检验法是气候变化检测与归因的一种有用的新方法。通过计算和分析,证实了格兰杰检验法的可用性。     

Kinematic transformations for planar multi‐directional pseudodynamic testing

The pseudodynamic (PSD) test method imposes command displacements to a test structure for a given time step. The measured restoring forces and displaced position achieved in the test structure are then used to integrate the equations of motion to determine the command displacements for the next time step. Multi‐directional displacements of the test structure can introduce error in the measured restoring forces and displaced position. The subsequently determined command displacements will not be correct unless the effects of the multi‐directional displacements are considered. This paper presents two approaches for correcting kinematic errors in planar multi‐directional PSD testing, where the test structure is loaded through a rigid loading block. The first approach, referred to as the incremental kinematic transformation method, employs linear displacement transformations within each time step. The second method, referred to as the total kinematic transformation method, is based on accurate nonlinear displacement transformations. Using three displacement sensors and the trigonometric law of cosines, this second method enables the simultaneous nonlinear equations that express the motion of the loading block to be solved without using iteration. The formulation and example applications for each method are given. Results from numerical simulations and laboratory experiments show that the total transformation method maintains accuracy, while the incremental transformation method may accumulate error if the incremental rotation of the loading block is not small over the time step. A procedure for estimating the incremental error in the incremental kinematic transformation method is presented as a means to predict and possibly control the error. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

首都圈数字地震台网对微弱爆破信号的检测能力

利用首都圈数字地震台网接收人工地震信号,进行地下结构研究具有重要意义.但人工震源释放的能量小,激发的地震波以短周期为主,因此本文较全面地研究了地震台网对短周期微弱信号（1～20 Hz）的检测能力：(1) 分析了台网的背景噪声,结果表明基岩台址的地震台噪声比沉积盖层台址的地震台噪声低约13 dB,这相当于近1个震级的检测阈值;夜间的噪声比白天低约5 dB;噪声有逐年增高的趋势,2006年比2001年噪声提高约4 dB.(2 )分析了在台网内进行的药量为25 kg的陆地井下爆破实验,一次爆破相当于0.69级（M_L）的天然地震,有18个地震台可辨认爆炸产生的Pg、Pm或Pc波;离爆破点218 km的基岩台,仍可以接收到振幅只有1.6 nm 的Pm波,这个结果可为地震勘探实际工作提供参考.(3) 研究了台网外核爆试验的信号特征,2006年发生在朝鲜的地下核试验是一次检验台网检测微弱信号能力的好机会.波形记录经1～5Hz滤波后,台网中噪声小的18个基岩台可以清晰辨认核爆破产生的P波或Lg波,P波平均振幅为16 nm,计算的平均震级为m_b4.3,和NEIC给出的震级相同;分析还表明背景噪声是影响台站信号检测能力的主要因素之一.     

坑道直流电阻率超前聚焦探测新方法研究

研究和提出了一种坑道直流电阻率超前聚焦探测新方法.该方法通过在掌子面上设立不同功能的环状电极组,使一次场电流具有像探照灯一样的聚焦功能,可有效探测坑道掘进前方不良地质体的存在,达到超前预报的目的.本文首先介绍了直流电阻率超前聚焦探测的基本原理,并给出了两种聚焦观测方式.为了验证所提方法的可行性,通过轴对称电性介质二维异常电位有限元数值模拟方法,对聚焦观测条件下几例坑道模型进行了模拟计算.结果表明,该方法对异常反映明显,可进行即时解释,建议在坑道超前预报中逐步推广使用.