不同源降水数据在天山南坡阿克苏河流域适用性分析

降水是水热循环以及气候变化研究的重要环节,降水资料的准确与否直接影响流域尺度的水文过程研究。本文基于2000-2015年天山南坡阿克苏河流域气象站点观测降水数据,对比分析了Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission（TRMM）降水数据集和Global Land Data Assimilation System（GLDAS）两种具有代表性的降水格网数据集在阿克苏河流域的适用性。结果表明：TRMM3B43数据在阿克苏河流域的整体表现优于GLDAS-2数据。两种数据的精度在月尺度上表现最优,相关系数分别为0.938和0.901,通过了0.01的显著性检验;在季节尺度,TRMM3B43数据各季节与站点插值的拟合度要优于GLDAS-2数据,但二者均呈现出高估冷季降水而低估暖季降水的趋势;在年尺度上,两种数据表现较差。在空间分布上,两种数据类型均能够反映出阿克苏河流域降水自西北向东南递减的空间分布趋势。并且两种数据在平原区的表现均优于山区,低估高海拔地区降水而高估低海拔地区的降水。     

Assessment of Urban Air Pollution and Spatial Spillover Effects in China: Cases of 113 Key Environmental Protection Cities

With rapid urbanization and energy consumption, environmental pollution and degradation have become increasingly serious problems in China. At the beginning of 2013, China implemented new ambient air quality standards (GB 3095-2012) in which the concentration of six pollutants including PM_2.5, ozone, carbon monoxide, PM₁₀, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were monitored. This study gathered annual air pollutant concentration data for the six pollutants in 113 key environmental protection cites throughout China in 2014 and 2015 to explain spatial patterns of urban air pollution. Based on the Kernel density estimation method, spatial hotspots of air pollution were illustrated through which spatial cluster of each pollutants could be plotted. By employing an entropy evaluation system, urban air quality was assessed in terms of the six atmospheric pollutants. We conclude that, in general, CO and SO₂ were two important pollutants in most Chinese cities, but this varied greatly among cities. The assessment results indicate that cities with the worst air quality were mainly located in northern and central provinces, dominantly in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area. Regression modeling showed that a combination of meteorological factors and human-related determinants, to say specifically, industrialization and urbanization factors, greatly influenced urban air quality variation in China. Results from spatial lag regression modeling confirmed that air pollution existed obvious spatial spillover effects among key cities. The spatial interdependence effects of urban air quality means that Chinese municipal governments should strengthen regional cooperation and deepen bilateral collaboration in terms of air regulation and pollution prevention.     

Regional differentiation of ecological conservation and its zonal suitability at the county level in China

China’s investments, financial incentives and deductions in terms of ecological conservation are based at the county level. Therefore, the monitoring and assessment of the effects of ecological conservation at the county level is important to provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the ecological and environmental quality at the county scale. This paper quantitatively estimated the dynamics of high-quality ecosystems and vegetation coverage over the past 15 years, and their relationships with the number of ecological conservation programs at the county level were analyzed. Then, the effects of ecological conservation measures on ecological changes at the county level and their regional suitability were assessed and discussed. The results showed that counties with a percentage of high-quality ecosystems greater than 50% were primarily distributed in northeastern China, southern subtropical China and the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and those with a percentage lower than 20% were mostly distributed in northwestern China, the southwestern karst region and the North China Plain. In recent decades, ecological conservation has focused on ecologically fragile regions; more than five ecological conservation programs have been implemented in most counties of the Three River Source Region in Qinghai Province, southeastern Tibet, western Sichuan, the Qilian Mountains, southern Xinjiang and other western regions, while only one or zero have been implemented in the eastern coastal area of China. Over the past 15 years, the proportional area of high-quality ecosystems has increased in approximately 53% of counties. The vegetation coverage of counties in the Loess Plateau, Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji), Sichuan-Guizhou-Chongqing, and Guangdong-Guangxi provincial-level areas has increased significantly. However, it decreased in northern Xinjiang, central Tibet, central and eastern Inner Mongolia, the Yangtze River Delta and other regions. The relationships between the numbers of ecological conservation programs and the indicators of ecosystem restoration response, such as high-quality ecosystem and vegetation coverage, do not show positive correlations. These results suggest that ecological conservation programs should be planned and implemented according to the distribution patterns of high-quality ecosystems and that restoration measures such as afforestation should follow natural principles and regional differentiation under the background of climate change.     

Use a Spatial Analysis Model to Assess Habitat Quality in Lashihai Watershed

Habitat quality assessments are of great significance for protecting biodiversity. This study analyzes the changing habitat quality of Lashihai watershed based on SPOT satellite images. We extracted the land use data for Lashihai watershed in Yunnan province for the years 2000 and 2015, and then used an InVEST model to evaluate habitat degradation, habitat quality and habitat scarcity in the study area from 2000 to 2015. Spatial statistical methods were used to determine changes to spatial dynamics. Results indicate that the number of areas with habitat degradation was generally small, and that both the number of areas with habitat degradation and the degree of degradation had fallen noticeably during the fifteen-year study period. In general, the quality of habitats was maintained or improved, while the quality of habitats decreased in only a few areas. The scarcity of habitats for cultivated land had increased, the tension between people and land use was relatively prominent. The reason habitat quality in Lashihai watershed has improved can be attributed to three factors: 1) The policy of returning farmland to forests since 2000 has been well implemented and has achieved remarkable results. Loss of forests from logging and deforestation has basically been eliminated, and great progress has been made restoring the ecological environment. 2) High background value of quality habitat suitability benefits from the research area’s high vegetation coverage. 3) The development of the local tourism economy has transformed the area’s ecological advantages into an economic bonus, greatly increasing the income level and living standards of residents. At the same time, the ecological resource bonus has increased the enthusiasm of residents for ecological protection and has helped to promote the protection of local eco-systems, both reducing ecological degradation and improving habitat quality. At the same time, increasing conflicts between land and people should be addressed. Support is needed to promote development of the ecological economy while continuously reducing ecological degradation and further increasing residents’ income. There must be less reliance on industry and less pressure on both land and people, all the while ensuring that the local economy and ecology can more forward together in a sustainable way.     

克拉玛依市土地利用规划实施的生态效果研究

对土地利用规划实施带来的环境影响的评价属于战略环境评价范畴的回顾性评价,借助反映生态效应的生态系统服务价值的变化可以定量描述土地利用规划通过土地利用对环境带来的影响。论文采用干旱区生态资产价值核算技术和方法,估算了规划基期、近期和规划实施评价期的生态资产价值,不同时期生态资产价值的变动趋势表明区域环境因规划实施得到改善。本文最后讨论了利用生态资产价值核算技术筛选环境可行的规划备选方案的局限性和存在的问题。     

生态脆弱区资源型城市生态环境影响评价与调控

采用主分量分析评估模型法,对西部生态脆弱区的资源型城市鄂尔多斯市在2003-2011年时间序列内的城市生态环境影响进行了评价与分析。结果表明：鄂尔多斯城市生态系统整体处于不稳定的发展状态,其中生态质量子系统的发展水平一直处于稳步上升、逐步改善的趋势;环境质量子系统的发展水平呈现出先下降、再上升、再下降的整体下降趋势;环境治理子系统的发展水平总体处于稳步上升、中间略有波动的趋势;综合来看,鄂尔多斯城市生态环境影响的总发展水平处于整体上升、中间略有波动的状态。     

Trona resources in southwest Wyoming

Bedded trona (Na₂CO₃·NaHCO₃·2H₂O) in the lacustrine Green River Formation of Eocene age in the Green River Basin, southwest Wyoming, constitutes the largest known resource of natural sodium carbonate in the world. In this study, 116 gigatons (Gt) of trona ore are estimated to be present in 22 beds, ranging from 1.2 to 11 meters (m) in thickness. Of this total, 69 Gt of trona ore are estimated to be in beds containing less than 2 percent halite and 47 Gt in beds containing 2 or more percent halite. These 22 beds underlie areas of about 130 to more than 2,000 km² at depths ranging from about 200 m to more than 900 m below the surface. The total resource of trona ore in the basin for which drilling information is available is estimated to be about 135 Gt.Underveloped trona beds in the deeper southern part of the basin may be best developed by solution mining. Additional unevaluated sodium carbonate resources are present in disseminated shortite (Na₂CO₃·2CaCO₃) in strata interbedded with the trona and in shallow sodium carbonate brines in the northeast part of the basin. Estimates of the shortite and brine resources were not made.     

基于气象干旱综合监测指数(MCI)的陕西省干旱灾害风险评估与区划北大核心CSCD

利用陕西省94个国家气象站1961—2018年逐日气象资料,根据干旱灾害气候背景和社会经济环境,结合灾害风险评估相关理论方法,选取致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性、承灾体暴露度、防灾减灾能力4个方面指标,建立干旱灾害风险评估指数,基于GIS平台,对陕西省不同季节进行干旱灾害风险区划。结果表明:(1)陕西各区域干旱致灾因子危险性季节差异明显,陕北北部除夏季外各季节干旱危险性较高,关中地区易发生伏旱。陕南的汉中各季节干旱危险性均较大,安康东部和商洛各季节干旱危险性则较小。(2)春季、夏季和秋季,陕南的汉中平原及安康的汉江河谷地带,关中的西安和渭南地区,陕北北部榆林地区为干旱孕灾环境高脆弱性区或较高区;冬季陕南大部、秦岭地区的高脆弱性区较其他三季范围有所减小;海拔较高的秦岭山地,关中平原和陕北北部各季节皆为低脆弱性或较低脆弱性地区。(3)承灾体暴露度的高风险区主要分布于关中地区。(4)全省抵御干旱风险能力最高地区为陕北黄河沿线、关中各地的城镇地区。(5)干旱灾害综合风险的高风险区主要在陕南巴山地区、秦岭南北两侧、陕北南部,陕南汉江平原、关中平原及陕北延安、榆林等地为干旱较低、低风险区。     

Baseline determination,pollution source and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Amu Darya Basin,Central Asia

Central Asia(CA) is one of the most fragile regions worldwide owing to arid climate and accumulated human activities, and is a global hotspot due to gradually deteriorating ecological environment. The Amu Darya Basin(ADB), as the most economically and demographically important region in CA, is of particular concern. To determine the concentration,source and pollution status of heavy metals(HMs) in surface sediments of the ADB, 154samples were collected and analyzed for metals across the basin. C...     

荒漠生态系统服务价值评估研究进展

荒漠生态系统是中国西北地区的代表性生态系统,具有不同于其他生态系统的独特结构和功能。开展荒漠生态系统服务价值评估,对干旱区的生态恢复与重建以及区域环境保护具有重要意义,有助于促进干旱区的可持续发展。把荒漠生态系统服务划分为防风固沙、土壤保育、固碳释氧、水资源调控、生物多样性保育、旅游文化等6类。在此基础上回顾与评述了相关研究,简要概括了已有研究中存在的主要问题,最后建议加强荒漠生态系统提供的独特服务的价值评估和针对特定地区开展小区域的荒漠生态系统服务价值评估等方面的研究,以及科学选取与调整价格参数。