梅雨期西太平洋副热带高压异常东退与东风带扰动关系的合成诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料,对梅雨期热带对流层上空东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压短期东退的过程进行了合成诊断分析.结果表明:梅雨期西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)的短期东退与低纬热带地区上宅东风带扰动存在着密切的联系,本文给出了在西太副高异常东退前后东风带扰动的结构及其演变特征,揭示了东风带扰动所对应的...     

STUDY ON THE VARIATION IN THE CONFIGURATION OF SUBTROPICAL ANTICYCLONE AND ITS MECHANISM DURING SEASONAL TRANSITION-PART I:CLIMATOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SUBTROPICAL HIGH STRUCTURE*

Climatological characteristics of subtropical anticyclone structure during seasonal transition are investigated based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.The ridge-surface of subtropical anticyclone is defined by the boundary surface between westerly to the north and easterly to the south (WEB in brief).In Afro-Asian monsoon area,the subtropical high in troposphere whose ridgelines are consecutive in wintertime takes on relatively symmetrical and zonal structure,the WEB tilts southward with increasing height.In summer,the subtropical high ridgelines are discontinuous at low levels and continuous at upper levels,the WEB tilts northward from the bottom up.Under the constraint of thermal wind relation,the WEB usually tilts toward warmer zone.May is the period when subtropical high modality most significantly varies.The structure and properties of subtropical high during seasonal transition are different from area to area.A new concept "seasonal transition axis" is proposed based on formation and variation of the vertical ridge axis of subtropical anticyclone.The subtropical high of summer pattern firstly occurs over eastern Bay of Bengal in the beginning of May.then stabilizes over eastern Bay of Bengal,Indo-China,and western South China Sea in the 3rd pentad of May,it exists over the South China Sea in the 4th-5th pentad of May and establishes over central India in the 1st-2nd pentad of June.The three consequential stages when summer modal subtropical high occurs correspond to that of Asian summer monsoon onset,respectively.To a great extent,the summer monsoon onset over the Bay of Bengal depends on the reversal of meridional temperature gradient in vicinity of the WEB in upper troposphere.The meridional temperature gradient at middle-upper levels in troposphere can be used as a good indicator for measuring the seasonal transition and Asian monsoon onset.     

孟加拉湾季风爆发对南海季风爆发的影响Ⅱ:数值试验

通过数值试验研究了孟加拉湾季风爆发期间该地区旺盛的对流凝结加热对南海季风爆发和副热带高压“撤出”南海的影响,结果证明在孟加拉湾地区引入模拟的对流凝结潜热使该地区出现了强烈的上升运动,引起了孟加拉湾季风的爆发。同时由于对凝结加热的非对称Rossby响应,在南海北部导致西风出现和增强及垂直上升运动。因低层水汽平流的共同作用下,在南海北部引起了对流的发展。而正是南海北部的凝结加热促使南海地区温度经向梯度逆转,使副热带高压脊面的倾斜从冬季型转为夏季型,即低层的副热带高压减弱南移。最后当对流在南海地区发展起来时,副热带高压移出南海地区。     

南海夏季风爆发与前期东亚冬季风异常的关系以及ENSO的作用

基于ERA-interim再分析资料采用相关分析研究了东亚冬季风和南海夏季风爆发的关系,并探讨了ENSO在其中的作用。结果表明,弱冬季风之后的南海地区5月有异常东风、降水偏少,对应于夏季风爆发偏晚;强冬季风之后则相反;但上述关系并不十分显著。进一步利用线性回归将东亚冬季风分为与ENSO有关和无关的部分,对于与ENSO有关的冬季风,上述冬季风-夏季风爆发的关系的显著性有明显提高;但与ENSO无关的冬季风和夏季风爆发并无显著联系。这说明冬季风-南海夏季风爆发的关系主要是由与ENSO有关的冬季风造成的。这一关系可以用ENSO激发的菲律宾异常反气旋或气旋来解释,以弱冬季风之后夏季风爆发偏晚为例:El Ni?o事件一方面激发出菲律宾异常反气旋,使得冬季风偏弱;另一方面又引起热带印度洋增暖,由于局地海气相互作用正反馈和印度洋电容器效应,菲律宾异常反气旋得以维持到晚春。该异常反气旋及其南侧的异常东风不利于南海夏季风的爆发,从而导致夏季风爆发偏晚。     

ON THE MAINTENANCE OF BLOCKING ANTICYCLONES OF NORTHERN HEMISPHERE—PART I:QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANALYSIS

Four observed blocking anticyclones in different regions of the Northern Hemisphere are in-vestigated.Analyses show that there exist distinct differences in the maintenance of the time-meanquasi-geostrophic potential vorticity(PV)low in 300 hPa within blocking areas.In two Pacificblocking cases,the PV advection by time-mean flow tends to flow the PV low to northwestern partof the blocking highs,and thus is beneficial to the maintenance of the blockings'strength.Thetransfer by transient eddies acts to balance the effect of the time-mean flow.In the Atlantic andAlaska blocking cases,however,the advection of mean flow tends to flow the PV low eastward.The PV transfer by transient eddies acts to flow potential vorticity low to the western part of theblocking ridges and also to balance the time-mean flow's effect.Thus,in the latter two cases,it isthe transfer by the transient eddies that acts to maintain the blockings.     

Proxy Evidence for Easterly Winds in Glacial Lake Algonquin,from the Black River Delta in Northern Lower Michigan

We examined a large, Late Pleistocene delta in northern Lower Michigan, formed by the Black River in Glacial Lake Algonquin. Today, this sandy, arcuate, wave-influenced delta stands several meters above the lake floor. The Black River transported mainly well-sorted, medium, and fine sands to the delta—at remarkably rapid rates. Our subsurface data, taken at 153 sites across the delta, show subtle and consistent trends in sediment texture across the delta surface. Although found in low amounts, gravel and very coarse sands are concentrated near the shoreline, presumably eroded by waves from the till and bedrock that crop out there. Sediments of very fine sand size (and finer) exist in higher concentrations near the eastern shore, sourced from eroded tills and also carried there on longshore currents. A clear sediment plume of medium and finer sands also traverses the delta SE to NW, which we interpret as evidence of sand transport by longshore currents flowing east to west, driven by easterly winds. High, perched spits on the head of the delta also suggest westerly longshore drift. These paleoclimate proxy data support previous interpretations of strong easterly winds here during the Late Pleistocene, probably in association with a glacial anticyclone.     

2015/2016年超强El Nio局地海气特征及其特殊性

利用NOAA海表温度和NCEP/NCAR大气环流等全球再分析资料,讨论了2015/2016年超强El Nio事件局地海气过程的演变特征,并与1982/1983和1997/1998年两次强El Nio事件做了对比分析。结果表明,2015/2016年El Nio在峰值强度、持续时间、累计海温距平等指标上都略强于前两次El Nio,可视为有完整气象观测纪录以来的最强事件;与前两次事件相比,2015/2016年El Nio海温异常中心位置明显偏西,热带东太平洋海温相对较冷而中太平洋更暖,由于热带对流对海温的非线性响应,赤道东太平洋降水相对较弱,中太平洋则显著偏多,这在El Nio当年12月至次年4月尤为明显;此外,在前两次El Nio的成熟期至衰减期,中太平洋大气响应都存在明显的南移特征,西风异常和对流中心都从赤道南移到了5°S以南。而2015/2016年中太平洋大气响应一直位于赤道附近,南移特征相对较弱,ENSO和年循环相互作用的组合模态相比前两次较弱,西北太平洋反气旋的强度也弱于前两次。这主要是由于2015年冬季至2016年春季,热带太平洋暖海温异常位置偏西,中太平洋海温异常明显强于前两次,叠加气候平均态海温之后,赤道南北两侧海温都高于对流阈值,对流旺盛,这大大削弱了大气响应的经向移动和ENSO组合模态的强度。     

前期热带太平洋次表层海温异常与东亚夏季风的可能联系

利用1979—2012年日本气象厅次表层海温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了前期冬季热带太平洋次表层海温与东亚夏季风的关系,并讨论了其可能机制。结果表明,前期冬季热带太平洋次表层海温与后期东亚夏季风强弱有显著的相关关系。冬季次表层海温呈现东正西负的类El Nio分布型时,夏季副热带高压偏强,西北太平洋地区受反气旋型环流控制,能将大量的水汽输送到长江和淮河流域,有利于水汽在该区域辐合,为夏季降水偏多创造了条件,此时东亚夏季风活动整体偏弱,反之亦然。但类El Nio分布型对东亚夏季气候变化的影响较类La Nia分布型更显著。此外,冬季热带太平洋次表层海温可能通过其自身能够持续性地影响东亚—太平洋地区的大气环流异常,次表层海温随季节变化有明显的发展和移动趋势:冬季西太平洋暖池次表层冷(暖)海温不断堆积,沿温跃层向东传播使得中东太平洋次表层海温逐渐变冷(暖),冷(暖)海温上翻加强使得海表温度异常,进一步影响到西太平洋副热带高压的位置和强度,并在东亚地区形成经向遥相关波列,通过西北太平洋地区异常反气旋(气旋)环流的作用,影响东亚地区大气环流以及气候变化。     

近50年华北干旱的年代际和年际变化及大气环流特征

利用1948～2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日及月平均位势高度、风、温度、垂直速度等物理量和中国气温、降水资料,分析近50年中国华北地区干旱的年代际、年际变化及其环流特征,并探讨1999和2000年华北地区持续干旱环流型及其成因.研究指出:20世纪80年代以来华北地区降水持续偏少,干旱强度有所增加,这与夏季200 hPa矢量风距平场亚洲中纬度西风环流加强,850 hPa风矢量距平场中国东部110～120°E范围内偏南气流比气候平均状况偏弱有关.夏季华北降水偏少的一种主要大气环流型是:500hPa位势高度场上40～50°N的欧亚大陆位势高度偏高并叠加欧亚(EU)遥相关型,华北大部分地区受高压控制.1999和2000年夏华北地区持续严重干旱的主要环流特征是:亚洲大陆高压持续发展、长期维持并相当稳定,华北地区上空受闭合暖性高压控制,高空暖性高压气流强烈下沉,引起空气绝热增温,近地面感热增加使得干旱区气温升高,下垫面非绝热强迫作用与大陆暖高压加强形成正反馈过程.     

副热带高压气候动力学研究回顾

基于早期副热带高压气候动力学的研究,本文重点介绍了近10 a在南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压形成和变异机理方面的动力学研究,包括南亚高压的建立和维持机理、副热带高压的季节变化、年际—年代际变化和未来预估,最后讨论了需要进一步深入研究的方面。