GIS技术在动物疫病防控中的应用

数字畜牧是动物卫生领域的重要发展趋势。本文着重讨论GIS技术在动物疫病防控中的应用,并以辽宁省畜禽分布定位及重大动物疫病防控调度指挥系统的建设为实例提出基于SuperMap GIS平台构建动物疫病防控系统的解决方案,从而为我国畜牧业信息化建设提供参考。     

Is there a relationship between fisheries and farming? Interdependence of fisheries,animal production and aquaculture

Fishmeal is a critically important feed ingredient for use in animal (e.g., poultry and pigs) and aquaculture production (e.g., salmon, trout and shrimp). There is great concern that increasing demand for fishmeal will place stress on the world's pelagic fisheries and may undermine the sustainability of aquaculture systems. Our research shows that after 1998 the fishmeal sector changed. The change has increased costs for animal and fish producers, which seems to have acted as a stimulus for innovation. The results have considerable implications for the management and health of pelagic fisheries.     

鱼类实验动物研究概况及在水产动物病害研究上的应用

鱼类实验动物在现代生命科学研究中扮演着越来越重要的角色。本文概述了国内外鱼类实验动物的应用、育种及模型开发的现状与发展趋势,并对其在水产动物病害研究中的应用进行了简要介绍。     

微计算机生物医学测控系统

生物医学领域中许多工作对微计算机系统的要求常常是共同的。对信号应进行实时监视、记录、处理分析、存贮或输出。有些工作还要求系统给出触发信号,或能自动响应生物的行为反应。本文介绍一种生物医学微机测控系统的原理。作者研制的系统基于APPLE Ⅱ微机(已投入生产)和IBM PC,PC/XT微机,也容易转到其他计算机上。当然,该系统也可开拓应用到其他科技领域。     

Towards a process-based biogeography of reindeer—scaling space,time, and organizational levels of space use

Due to increasing anthropogenic habitat alteration, fragmentation, and loss, the analysis of how, when, and why animals select particular habitats has become a central issue in ecology and biogeography. Animals adapt to spatiotemporal variability in resources either by tracking these resources or by plasticity in behavior to cover their needs, leading to three important implications: movement, temporal variation, and individual trade-offs leading to intra-species variability, all of which are directly linked to the use of space by animals. Based on GPS-tracking of domesticated reindeer in southern Norway, the authors addressed these issues by analyzing movement patterns and space use simultaneously across different temporal and organizational scales. Emerging information about the space use by reindeer was found explicitly linked to scaling relations, reflecting the matter of scale as having important functional implications rather than solely being a technical question of extent and resolution. Adding movement into the analysis of space use further advances the necessary functional perspective on space use. The authors conclude that scaling not only space but also time and the organizational level, in combination with accounting for different behavioral states, brings biogeography closer to a process-based view, rather than solely pattern-based view.     

上海九段沙湿地大型底栖动物群落调查及管护策略

2014年2月至2015年11月,对九段沙湿地的潮间带进行了大型底栖动物取样调查。设置了江亚南沙、上沙和下沙3个采样断面,分离、鉴定出底栖动物28种,隶属于4门7纲。优势物种有短腿水叶甲、河蚬、谭氏泥蟹、中国绿螂和缢蛏等。大型底栖动物平均密度和生物量分别为94.96 ind/m2和26.74g/m2。分析了九段沙湿地的大型底栖动物资源现状,并提出了改善措施及建议。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)不同生长阶段体重的遗传参数和育种值估

为准确评估凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）生长性状的育种值,构建了4种单性状动物模型,并采用似然比和AIC值对不同模型进行比较分析并选出最优模型,应用最佳线性无偏预测法（BLUP法）对凡纳滨对虾不同生长阶段体重的遗传参数和育种值进行估计。综合分析得出模型AFD为最优模型,其在60、105和150日龄的遗传力估计值分别为0.39±0.07、0.25±0.04和0.22±0.05,可见以体重对凡纳滨对虾进行选择育种具有较大的潜力,下一代可获得较大的遗传进展。对不同生长阶段体重性状进行育种值选择和表型值选择的比较,两种选择方法选取前10%个个体的育种值平均值分别为3.19、9.95、13.07g和2.55、7.36、11.50g,前者比后者分别高出约20.06%、26.03%、12.01%,表明在每一生长阶段依据育种值选择比表型值选择更具优势。还对不同生长阶段的家系及亲本进行选择比较,结果表明,家系与亲本育种值相关性的变化趋势均为生长期越长,相关性越高,推测对家系及亲本进行提前筛选的时期至少在105日龄以上。     

柴达木盆地环境演化与绿洲农牧业变迁初步研究——以诺木洪绿洲为例

位于柴达木盆地南缘的诺木洪绿洲农牧业曾兴盛于约3300aBP,衰亡于约2900aBP之后的全新世晚期,诺木洪绿洲农牧业在这一发展过程中曾出现过一次间断。因此,可将晚全新世诺木洪绿洲农牧业的发展分为前后两期。全新世气候与环境的变化深刻地影响着盆地绿洲农牧业的出现、发展与衰亡。从诺木洪绿洲农牧业兴盛与衰亡史中可知,约于3300aBP在柴达木盆地就有了绿洲农牧业,而且盆地绿洲农牧业深受盆地环境变化的控制,干旱和沙漠化是盆地绿洲农牧业走向衰亡的直接原因。     

Aeolian construction and alluvial dismantling of a fault‐bounded intracontinental aeolian dune field (Teruel Basin,Spain); a continental perspective on Late Pliocene climate change and variability

An aeolian dune field migrating to the east encroached on the toes of alluvial fans in the Teruel Basin (eastern Spain) during a short interval in the Late Pliocene (ca 2·9 to 2·6 Ma), when Northern Hemisphere glaciation and strong glacial–interglacial cycles began. Preservation of the dune field was controlled by syn‐sedimentary activity of a normal fault. Ephemeral water discharge eroded aeolian sands and formed V‐shaped channels in which aeolian sandstone blocks accumulated. The incorporation of loose aeolian sand in wadi waters modified the sediment/water ratio, changing the physical properties of the flows as they penetrated the aeolian dune field. The erosion and cover of aeolian dune foresets by sheetflood deposits suggest that dune‐damming caused the intermittent ponding of water behind the dunes and its flashy release. The arid climate in the Late Pliocene western Mediterranean realm favoured the transport of windblown sediments from northern Africa and western Mediterranean land masses into the Mediterranean. The formation of the studied aeolian dune field (2·9 to 2·6 Ma) and possibly others (for example, the Atacama, Namib and Sahara deserts) correlates with a strong increase of the influence of obliquity, which can be attributed to the combination of a regional expression related to the reduced effect of precession due to a minimum in the long‐period (2·3 Ma) eccentricity cycle and a remote expression of the onset of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation.