统万城废弃的原因分析

在沙漠化研究中,沙漠古城的兴废在一定程度上指示着古城所在地的沙漠化过程。位于毛乌素沙地南缘的统万城,其废弃的原因一直为学术界所关注。通过综合分析统万城周边地区地质历史时期以及人类历史时期的气候变化,提出统万城地区生态环境变化乃至沙漠化主要取决于气候变化;统万城废弃所揭示的沙漠化成因给我们的启示是,对于沙漠化治理,必须“尊重自然,科学治沙”。     

中国古木结构建筑基于位移的抗震加固方法研究

提出了古木结构建筑采用基于位移的抗震加固方法,通过限制水平地震作用下结构的最大侧移和最大滑移而防止结构倒塌,其中最大侧移限值由结构的最大水平惯性力及其自身抗倾覆条件确定,最大滑移限值为柱基础半径。根据最大侧移限值并考虑古木结构建筑的特殊性,确定了在罕遇地震作用下的目标位移角及相应的目标刚度。最后分析了构架刚度下对古木结构建筑侧移和滑移的影响,认为适当加大刚度对建筑是有利的。研究结果可为古木建筑的抗震加固提供科学依据。     

硅酸钾材料加固土遗址耐风蚀颗粒元模拟分析

西北干旱地区土遗址受风化、风蚀等破坏严重,大量土质文物亟待加固抢修。加固后土遗址的各耐环境因素及加固机制研究是土遗址加固的理论基础。首次引入颗粒元程序PFC,通过改变模型中颗粒间平行连接强度,对硅酸钾（简称PS）加固前后的土样进行数值模拟。在考虑实际土样颗粒粒径和密度的前提下,拟合了生土PS加固前后的抗压和抗拉强度,并将拟合后的颗粒元模型应用于风蚀模拟。通过随机生成挟沙风颗粒,以一定的速度撞向土体,模拟挟沙风的吹蚀作用。挟沙风颗粒数与循环步数成正比例,因此,可以用挟沙风颗粒数来代表吹蚀时间的长短。挟沙风颗粒的速度则代表挟沙风风速。模拟结果表明,在20 m/s的挟沙风吹蚀作用下,风蚀程度随吹蚀时间的增加而增大,未加固土样的风蚀程度增幅度远大于加固土样;同样吹蚀时间条件下,加固土样的抗风蚀强度明显高于未加固土样。这些模拟结论与风洞试验结果的统计规律一致。本研究拟合的颗粒流模型可进一步应用于PS加固机制研究及耐风蚀、雨蚀、冻融等诸环境影响分析研究。     

北京延庆千家店盆地土城子组古生物化石及古气候沉积环境——延庆地区首次发现疑似恐龙骨骼化石

延庆千家店盆地土城子组底部不整合接触蓟县系雾迷山组,不见顶,主要分为3个岩性段,一段以复成分砾岩、砂砾岩为主;二段以紫红色、黑色薄层泥页岩和泥质粉砂岩为主;三段以复成分砾岩、含砾粗砂岩为主。前人在该盆地二段地层中发现大量动植物化石,有双壳类、叶肢介、昆虫、木化石、恐龙足迹等,但一直没有介形类、孢粉及恐龙化石的相关报道。在化石层位发现疑似"恐龙骨骼"化石,丰富了该区化石种类。通过LA-ICP-MS测年,得出一段底部年龄为157.62±0.69Ma;二段中上部年龄为157.13±0.96Ma。分析认为,千家店盆地土城子组主体沉积时代为晚侏罗世早期,在前人研究的基础上,通过多样的古生物化石来探讨该盆地古气候背景及沉积环境。     

Explaining island‐wide geographical patterns of Caribbean fish diversity: A multi‐scale seascape ecology approach

Geographical patterning of fish diversity across coral reef seascapes is driven by many interacting environmental variables operating at multiple spatial scales. Identifying suites of variables that explain spatial patterns of fish diversity is central to ecology and informs prioritization in marine conservation, particularly where protection of the highest biodiversity coral reefs is a primary goal. However, the relative importance of conventional within‐patch variables versus the spatial patterning of the surrounding seascape is still unclear in the ecology of fishes on coral reefs. A multi‐scale seascape approach derived from landscape ecology was applied to quantify and examine the explanatory roles of a wide range of variables at different spatial scales including: (i) within‐patch structural attributes from field data (5 × 1 m² sample unit area); (ii) geometry of the seascape from sea‐floor maps (10–50 m radius seascape units); and wave exposure from a hydrodynamic model (240 m resolution) for 251 coral reef survey sites in the US Virgin Islands. Non‐parametric statistical learning techniques using single classification and regression trees (CART) and ensembles of boosted regression trees (TreeNet) were used to: (i) model interactions; and (ii) identify the most influential environmental predictors from multiple data types (diver surveys, terrain models, habitat maps) across multiple spatial scales (1–196,350 m²). Classifying the continuous response variables into a binary category and instead predicting the presence and absence of fish species richness hotspots (top 10% richness) increased the predictive performance of the models. The best CART model predicted fish richness hotspots with 80% accuracy. The statistical interaction between abundance of living scleractinian corals measured by SCUBA divers within 1 m² quadrats and the topographical complexity of the surrounding sea‐floor terrain (150 m radius seascape unit) measured from a high‐resolution terrain model best explained geographical patterns in fish richness hotspots. The comparatively poor performance of models predicting continuous variability in fish diversity across the seascape could be a result of a decoupling of the diversity‐environment relationship owing to structural degradation leading to a widespread homogenization of coral reef structure.     

The heritage and cultural values of ancient Chinese maps

Ancient Chinese cartography dates back to the Western Jin Dynasty in the third century. Cartography was initiated during this period by Pei Xiu, a minister and cartographic expert, who suggested six principles of cartography. Pei Xiu, who is known as the father of Chinese cartography, oversaw the completion of the “Yu Gong Regional Maps”, along with 18 articles and the “Terrain Fangzhang Map” (AD 224–271). This led to a number of subsequent cartographic initiatives including the “Wooden Fangzhang Map” (an administrative map) which was completed by Xie Zhuang, a minister during the Southern Dynasties (AD 502–557), “Haineihuayi Tu” (Map of China and its neighbouring countries) (AD 730–805), drawn by Jia Dan, a cartographer of the Tang Dynasty, and “Shouling Tu” (an administrative map, AD 1031–1095), drawn by Shen Kuo, a scientist during the Northern Song Dynasty. Throughout the 16th century, ancient Chinese cartography developed continuously and cumulatively, and formed the specific characteristics of China ancient cartography. Although Western latitude- based and longitude-based mapping techniques introduced to China in AD 1460, the theories and methods of Chinese and Western mapping systems co-existed for over 400 years. The cultural heritage of Chinese cartography can be seen in many famous ancient Chinese maps, including astronomical figures and atlases (world, Chinese, regional, military, water conservancy, historical, and educational maps), charts, and maps of scenic spots. These have hitherto been kept in well-known archives and institutions across the world. They form an important part of the global cultural heritage of ancient maps and cartography. Given their high cultural value, these maps remain an important point of study. This paper provides a preliminary discussion on the rarity, application, and the historical, scientific, and artistic value of ancient Chinese maps.     

郑和牵星图导航技术研究

《1421:中国发现世界》作者加文·孟希斯(Gavin Menzies)将中国的海洋文明推向15世纪初,这个历史命题令世界震惊,"郑和航海图"就是证据之一。"郑和航海图"记录了郑和舰队巡航南海,远航印度洋国家的探索过程。该地图发现于明《武备志》240卷,是一种传统的中国导航牵星图和针路图,充满了许多待解之谜。本文对郑和航海图中"更数"所代表的现代概念的距离和速度进行了研究,发现帆船航行"更数"的距离和速度在不同的地区存在差异;牵星图中的星座只能用来确定纬度坐标。将郑和航海图和现代地图做了实验对比,在进行大气折射校正后,郑和航海图的纬度坐标能够准确显示在现代Google地图中。在郑和航海图的许多航点上,我们可以在现代地图中准确找到带有明显中国特点的航海基地。     

关于河北平原区深层地下水资源属性的探讨

以河北平原为例,采用同位素、地下水资源评价和地下水水位动态3种思路分析了深层地下水资源属性。根据实测地面沉降量反求深层地下水储存资源量的构成,确定了在以往的深层地下水资源计算时储存资源量少计算了32.77%,弹性释放系数比以往的数据大;根据深层地下水动态特征,分析认为深层地下水资源在同一水文年内可以得到部分恢复,在深层地下水降落漏斗区地下水循环速率将加大,并根据沉积学的观点,认为河北平原含水层在各期古河道带交叉重叠部位或在重叠部位附近可能是连通的,浅层地下水可以沿着各期古河道带沉积的砂性土构成的含水层向下补给深层地下水,其补给量远大于通过巨厚的黏性土层向深层地下水的越流补给。     

Ancient Changjiang channel system in the East China Sea continental shelf during the last glaciation

The global sea level had started to rapidly fall about at 25 cal. ka before present. The last glaciation maxi-mum (LGM) is from 23 to 19 cal. ka[1,2]. The sea level at that time is under 130 m depth lower than the mod-ern sea level[3,4]. The continental shelf plain is gradu-ally submerged with rapid sea level rise in the last de-glaciation cycle. Whether rivers occurred in the sere continental shelf plain during the last glaciation cycle has been the hotspot in academia at all times. There a…     

余杭泰山古油田

本文根据余杭泰山地区上震旦统灯影组砂岩、藻叠层石白云岩和下寒武统荷塘组以及中寒武统杨柳岗组产层状、似层状之固体沥青。经对固体沥青的分布范围、物化性质特征分析及古油田构造平衡剖面模拟的研究，确认了余杭泰山古油田的存在。对探索南方海相油气藏的分布，揭示了震旦统油气藏的形成—演化—破坏规律有着独特的意义。