华北与阿拉善两个古陆在早古生代晚期拼合——来自宁夏牛首山沉积岩系的证据

华北与阿拉善两个古陆块是何时拼合在一起的,一直是地质界激烈争论的问题.本文报道了宁夏牛首山西南麓出露的泥盆纪与石炭纪地层波痕及斜层理等沉积构造和构造变形方面的新资料,结合前人近年来获得的区域上奥陶纪砂岩碎屑锆石年龄资料,推测华北与阿拉善两个古陆拼合发生在晚奥陶世至泥盆纪早期之间的某一地质时期.     

从地壳上地幔构造看大陆碰撞作用（下）

本篇讨论陆—岛碰撞、地体拼合和复理石建造等大地构造作用。根据碰撞陆块的尺度可将大陆碰撞分为陆—陆碰撞、陆—岛碰撞和岛—岛碰撞三种不同级别。大陆碰撞的强度与碰撞陆块边缘的形状有关。在陆块边缘的凸出部碰撞最为剧烈,形成岩石圈变形极为剧烈的碰撞造山带。在小陆块两侧或凹入部碰撞不易发生,形成沉积巨厚的复理石建造。如果多个陆块在会聚时相对运动速度不大,碰撞不大剧烈,这种碰撞称为地体拼合.地体拼合属于岩石圈挤压力较小而作用期较长的造陆作用,以蒙古—鄂霍次克带为代表,洋陆转换带岩石圈大部分成为增生的大陆。地体拼合过程分以下4个阶段:①双向俯冲形成岛弧;②洋—岛俯冲扩展洋陆转换带;③幔源岩浆底侵,洋陆转换带岩石圈向大陆岩石圈演化;④地体拼合造陆,大陆增生。大陆碰撞发生时不发生碰撞的部位板块会聚产物具复理石建造特征。复理石盆地是被洋壳俯冲推挤成陆的显生宙洋陆转换区,以巨厚深水浊流沉积及等深流沉积为特征。大陆岩石圈碰撞作用分为以下五类:裙边碰撞,裸碰撞、弱碰撞、无碰撞和碰撞走滑,碰撞的特征参数各不相同,其中只有裸碰撞在力学上属于弹性碰撞。     

Groups of Parts and Their Balances in Compositional Data Analysis

Amalgamation of parts of a composition has been extensively used as a technique of analysis to achieve reduced dimension, as was discussed during the CoDaWork'03 meeting (Girona, Spain, 2003). It was shown to be a non-linear operation in the simplex that does not preserve distances under perturbation. The discussion motivated the introduction in the present paper of concepts such as group of parts, balance between groups, and sequential binary partition, which are intended to provide tools of compositional data analysis for dimension reduction. Key concepts underlying this development are the established tools of subcomposition, coordinates in an orthogonal basis of the simplex, balancing element and, in general, the Aitchison geometry in the simplex. Main new results are: a method to analyze grouped parts of a compositional vector through the adequate coordinates in an ad hoc orthonormal basis; and the study of balances of groups of parts (inter-group analysis) as an orthogonal projection similar to that used in standard subcompositional analysis (intra-group analysis). A simulated example compares results when testing equal centers of two populations using amalgamated parts and balances; it shows that, in certain circumstances, results from both analysis can disagree.     

A Carboniferous high-pressure klippe in the western Acatlán Complex of southern México: implications for the tectonothermal development and palaeogeography of Pangea

High-pressure (HP) rocks are critical for palinspastic restorations because they mark inferred subducted/extruded oceanic crust; knowledge of their geometric, geodynamic, and age relationships provide essential constraints on palaeogeographic reconstructions. The westernmost HP belt (Ixcamilpa) in the Acatlán Complex of southern Mexico has been inferred to be a mid-Late Ordovician backarc basin on the southern Iapetan margin that was subducted beneath eastern Laurentia and extruded up the subduction zone during the Early Silurian. Re-examination of Ixcamilpa HP rocks has revealed that they comprise lower Palaeozoic rift-passive margin protoliths and occur in a W-vergent klippe (not a suture) formed during polyphase deformation. Peak metamorphic mineral assemblages of blueschist-amphibole eclogite facies underwent retrogression through epidote amphibolite to greenschist facies. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of various rocks yielded plateau ages of 344–339 Ma for calcic amphibole, 318 ± 4 Ma for glaucophane, and 329–325 ± 2 Ma for muscovite (excess argon), which clearly indicate a Carboniferous tectonothermal event. We interpret the 20 million years range in amphibole ages as reflecting progressive unroofing. The terminal stage of progressive thrusting placed the HP rocks above the middle Mississippian Zumpango Unit, during which a single penetrative sub-greenschist fabric was produced. Subsequent Permian or Laramide deformation refolded all the rocks about NE-trending upright folds. We postulate that the root zone of the HP nappe lies to the east in the median HP belt, which has a structure consistent with an extrusion zone. Inasmuch as similar units of the Acatlán Complex bound this HP root zone on either side, it is inferred to have been extruded into the upper plate above the subduction zone, and thus is not an oceanic suture. Our new data provide constraints for a Carboniferous palaeogeographic reconstruction, whereby subduction erosion of passive margin rocks took place along the western margin of Pangea and were subsequently extruded into the upper (Acatlán) plate.     

早前寒武纪克拉通内的叠瓦拼贴构造

从早期地幔热对流的动力学特点出发,针对早前寒武纪克拉通内的一些有争议的问题进行了解释;认为不少绿岩地块或地体之间,绿岩与花岗片麻岩之间并非是因垂直运动造成的原地不整合接触,而是因大规模水平运动产生的叠瓦拼贴,这一思想将会帮助我们重新认识克拉通区早前寒武纪地壳演化,并进一步指导填图和地层划分以及找矿工作。     

基于本体的土地利用数据综合研究

提出了基于土地利用类型本体的语义相似度计算模型,建立了顾及空间邻近和语义邻近的土地利用数据综合方法,基于本体语义相似度进行图斑融合的加权骨架线剖分。该模型较好地考虑了人的认知特性,改进的土地利用数据综合过程能够更好地反映和概括土地利用特征。实例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Development of local authorities in EU-member states between 1950–2011

The aim of the submitted study was to illustrate the development of the number of local authorities in all current EU states in the long period between 1950 and 2011 comprehensively, and also by particular decades, thus demonstrating the originality and uniqueness of the topic analysed in this context. Thus, we obtain a more detailed picture of the development of the number of local authorities in EU countries, and we can monitor how local authorities within a specific country gradually developed. (The stabilisation of the number of local units and an increase or gradual or sudden drop in local units are shown, for example). A sudden drop in local units can be associated with significant administrative reforms and with the development of large units of the so-called municipalities. When it becomes necessary to merge local authorities, many countries look to other countries where extensive reforms took place in the past for inspiration. However, it must be borne in mind that in a general European context, we cannot apply a universal system of public administration reforms, and solutions in the form of these reforms inspired by other countries may not always be appropriate.     

内蒙古狼山地区晚志留世二云母二长花岗岩体的厘定及其地质意义

内蒙古狼山山脉西侧分布有零星的早古生代岩浆岩,晚志留世二长花岗岩体主要出露于潮格温都尔镇一带,侵位地层为宝音图岩群。该岩体岩性为二云母二长花岗岩,其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄显示,~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为419.6±4.5～416.0±2.0Ma。岩石为块状构造,暗色矿物为黑云母,可见原生白云母,高硅(SiO_2=73.14%～75.76%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=5.85%～8.20%)、强过铝质,未见闪长质包体,显示了S型花岗岩的特点。岩石富集大离子亲石元素Sr、K、Pb,不同程度亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti,轻稀土略富集,重稀土平坦,Eu异常不明显;锆石负的ε_(Hf)(t)值(-8.3～-4.0)及t_(DM2)为1658～1930Ma(平均值为1759Ma),显示了古—中元古代古老地壳熔融的特点。R2-R1判别图显示了岩石具有同碰撞花岗岩的特点,因此,该岩体可能形成于同造山拼贴的构造背景,与南侧善岱庙地区晚志留世花岗岩的构造属性一致。对比白乃庙地区的晚志留世石英闪长岩,两者岩石地球化学特征具有相似性,可能反映了相同的构造背景。     

柴达木地块南缘昆北单元变质新元古代花岗岩锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄

侵入于香日德南昆北单元金水口岩群白沙河岩组中的变质花岗岩的锆石SFIRIMPu—Pb年龄约为904Ma。该年龄与东昆仑地区已有的定年数据一道,表明柴达木地块南缘存在一条中—新元古代的花岗岩深成侵入岩带,整个柴达木地块可能曾响应了全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件。     

华北陆块的构造格局及其演化

华北陆块是由陆核→地块(体)→联合地块逐渐生长、增大、拼合形成的。根据大量的地质构造、地层岩石、同位素年代学、含矿特征、地球化学、地球物理等多方面的信息,华北陆块可划分为辽吉、燕辽、阴山、晋冀、豫皖、阿拉善前寒武纪地块和鲁西、胶北前寒武纪地体,鄂尔多斯、华北中新生代盆地,共10个构造单元。华北陆块是多地块拼(缝)合形成。据现有的岩石记录,始太古代-中太古代主要是陆核生成阶段,不排除在早期有绿岩带形成;新太古代主要是花岗岩-绿岩带的生成阶段,花岗岩-绿岩带环绕地核周边形成地块,是华北陆块结晶基底的主要生长时期;古元古代是联合地块的形成阶段,多个地块(体)拼合形成联合地块;中元古代是稳定环境下的拉伸阶段,沿陆块南北两缘形成三大裂谷系(燕辽、狼山—渣尔泰、熊耳山—西阳河);新元古代-古生代陆块形成稳定环境的沉积盖层,除南北两缘外,内部很少有岩浆活动;中-新生代陆块大部分地区为活动大陆边缘的环境,出现大规模的构造-岩浆活动。