Modeling Near-Surface Air Temperature From Solar Radiation and Lapse Rate: New Development on Short-Term Monthly and Daily Approach

Short-term monthly mean temperature (T_m ) and short-term daily mean temperature (T_d ) rather than long-term monthly and daily mean temperature (T_m and T_d ) are preferred for some ecosystem studies such as carbon source and sink, pine beetle mortality, and snow melting. The recent progress of modeling T_m and T_d (based on the previous work on T_m ) supported by climatologically aided interpolation (CAI) is reported over the mountainous Yellowstone National Park. With the spatial scale of a 30 m digital elevation model (DEM), the slope, aspect, and shadows cast by surrounding topography, which could not be well captured by very coarse DEM, could be taken into account. Data from 12 months (Jan-Dec 2008) and 12 dates (25 Jan-Dec 2008) were used to demonstrate the approach. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolations of limited temperature anomalies were adopted to represent the deviations from normality. T_m , as a preexisting climatology surface, was added to deviations in order to model T_m . Linear temporal interpolation of adjacent T_m was used to create a climatology surface, which was then added to deviations in order to model T_d . Results show the mean absolute errors (MAEs) for T_m ranged from 0.75° C to 1.78° C, while the MAEs for T_d ranged from 1.14° C to 2.02° C. The four factors of elevation, seasonal change of lapse rate, temperature difference caused by variation in solar radiation, and preexisting climatology surface for the CAI approach were comprehensively considered in this approach.     

1980年以来中国棉花生产向新疆集中的主要原因

1980年以来中国棉花生产格局发生了明显变化,在空间上逐步向新疆集中,这一变化不仅促进了新疆地区耕地的扩张,也强化了新疆地区在我国农业生产中的地域功能,同时还加速了该地区的荒漠化进程。目前对这一现象的研究主要立足于区域尺度,关注棉花生产对当地农民收入的影响以及区域棉花产业的优势与发展战略,对生产格局变化的成因还缺乏清晰认识。本文从生产要素配置效率的角度,利用全国农产品成本收益数据,通过比较全国主要植棉省市棉花生产中土地生产率、劳动生产率和资本产出率的差异,来探讨这一现象的成因。结果表明:劳动生产率的区域差异是市场经济条件下中国棉花生产向新疆集中的主要原因。这一结论对于判断中国棉花生产格局变化的未来趋势以及其他农产品生产格局变化研究都具有一定的意义。     

农业市场化对农户种植效益的影响——基于沪苏皖农户调查的实证研究

通过沪苏皖3省16个村的分层抽样农户调查发现,农业市场化的发育程度决定着农户种植经济收益的高低,不同农产品基本遵循高投入、高产出的规律,地区差异明显。根据定量分析和CD扩展模型检验表明,生产要素市场和农产品市场共同影响农户土地种植效益。为提高土地产出,农户更重视种子、化肥、农药等农资的增产性投入,劳工和机械投入随家庭非农活动情况而变化。农产品市场销售行为对农户种植效益的提高呈较明显的正向刺激作用,市场价格是关键要素,销售率和销售成本对商品型农产品影响更显著。另外农户素质及收入结构对种植效益也产生显著影响,人力资本水平与种植效益成正相关关系。     

石羊河流域农业经济和生态环境协调发展研究

 经济和环境的协调发展是可持续发展的关键。根据石羊河流域各市县区的经济和环境状况,选取了其中的3县1区为研究对象,并根据当地的实际情况及主要特点构建了农业经济发展与生态环境质量的评价指标体系,并且通过实地调研和走访各主管部门搜集整理到相关数据,利用熵权法及协调度、协调发展度模型对2010年石羊河流域3县1区的协调度及协调发展度进行测算,基于协调发展等级标准,对该流域内3县1区的农业经济和生态环境协调发展程度进行了初步判别。结果表明：3县1区协调度都在0.5～0.7之间,基本属于勉强或初级协调状态,协调发展水平较低,对此,提出进一步促进石羊河流域农业经济和生态环境协调发展的对策建议。     

Accumulation of Copper and Zinc in Danish Agricultural Soils in Intensive Pig Production Areas

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 105(2):15–22, 2005

The change of Cu and Zn concentrations in Danish agricultural soils was studied in areas with intensive pig production. Cu and Zn are found in pig manure as the metals are added to pig feed as growth promoters. The changes in concentrations of total and 0.02 MEDTA extractable Cu and Zn in soils from 1986 to 1998 were determined from samples taken at two depths (0–25 cm and 25–50 cm) from 73 sites. Pig manure and mineral fertilizer was added to 60 sites whereas fertilizer only was used on 13 sites. During the survey period soil Cu concentrations increased in both depths but mostly in the sites where pig manure was added. Furthermore, the results indicated that some plant-available Cu and Zn were transported from the topsoil to the subsoil. No significant change in soil Zn concentration was found although a slight reduction was observed. Comparing soil metal concentrations observed in 1998 to the total pig manure application in a 12-year period, it was observed that application of manure caused an accumulation of Cu and of Zn in the upper 50 cm soil. The accumulation rates correspond to the Cu and Zn concentrations in the pig manure.     

A Review of “Policies for Sustainable Governance of Global Ecosystem Services”

The objectives are to (1) quantify, map, and analyze vegetation cover distributions and changes across Accra, Ghana, for 2002 and 2010; and (2) examine the statistical relationship between vegetation cover and a housing quality index (HQI) for 2000 at the neighborhood level. Pixel-level vegetation cover maps derived using threshold classification of 2002 and 2010 QuickBird normalized difference vegetation index images have very high overall accuracies and yield an estimate of 5.9 percent vegetation cover reduction over the study area between 2002 and 2010. A high degree of variance in vegetation cover for individual dates is explained by HQI at the neighborhood level, although minimal covariability between absolute or relative vegetation cover change and HQI for 2000 was observed.     

COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.     

干旱对青藏高原腹地高寒草地生态系统净CO2交换的影响

干旱对草地生态系统NEE有深刻影响。基于涡度相关技术提供的碳通量及小气候数据,研究了2009年当雄高寒草地生态系统的碳交换特征及其主控因子,同时分析了干旱的可能影响。5—7月初及9月发生的干旱导致草地GLAI、ALB和GPP较低,6月中旬到7月初碳吸收一度下降。干旱使6、7月份NEE日变化进程发生改变。同时,NEE和GPP的季节变化也受到干旱影响。由于干旱导致生态系统吸收能力降低,75]3日出现NEE日净碳排放最高值（0．9gCm-2d-1）。5-7月的NEE月总量均大于0,且逐月增加。该草地2009年的GPP和NEE分别为-158．1和52．4gCm。日均0〈01时,0成为影响白天NEE变化的主控因子。GLAI、r和目是3个对NEE季节变异影响最大的指标,且其影响程度依次降低。GPP季节变化的主控因子是GLAI、θ、PPT、VPD和瓦,生态系统水分状况（0、PPT或VPD）对GPP的影响大于T20。Rcco主要受控于t、GLAI、PAR和PPT,且其影响力依次降低。GLAI的季节变化可解释NEE和GPP变异的60．7％和76．1％。当雄高寒草地生态系统水分条件的年际变化可能是影响NEE年际变异的主要因子。     

济南市设施农用地发展现状与对策建议

随着我国农业现代化发展,传统农业逐步向现代农业转变,尤其是近年来农村土地承包经营权流转进程加快,农业生产经营规模不断扩大,农业设施快速增加,势必要占用大量的农用地。因此,为适应现代农业发展需求,必须加强和完善设施农用地管理,防止以发展设施农业为名,滥占乱用土地,促进耕地保护和设施农业的健康有序发展。     

重庆市青木关地下河水化学及其δ13C DIC变化特征

为了确定地下水中溶解无机碳和地下水中物质的来源,于2010年4月至2011年1月对重庆市青木关地下河流域系统进行了连续监测,分析其常规水化学组成、溶解无机碳含量及其同位素(δ13CDIC)组成变化特征及影响因素,2010年农耕期间(5-6月)又对部分观测点进行了加密取样分析.分析结果表明:(1)地下河水为HCO3-Ca型,其变化受水岩作用和降水作用的影响;(2)地下水中(Ca2++ Mg2+)/HCO3-的摩尔比值为0.6～0.72,平均为0.67,表明碳酸盐岩溶解受C3植被下土壤CO2、HNO3和H2SO4的共同作用的影响;(3)地下河水中由碳酸溶解碳酸盐岩产生的[HCO3-]的贡献率为56.16％～81.25％,平均为66.96％,硝酸和硫酸溶解碳酸盐岩产生的[HCO3-]的贡献率为18.75 ％～43.84％,平均为33.04％;(4)青木关地下河出口地下水的δ13 CDIC变化范围为-8.17‰～-13.68‰,平均值为-10.53 ‰.农耕期和枯水期地下河水的δ13 CDIC平均值分别为-9.25‰ 和-12.29‰,农耕期较枯水期偏正,偏正幅度达3‰,表明人类农业活动物质输入对地下河水δ13 CDIC有较大的影响.