气候变化影响下北海公园冰上运动季的特征与情景模拟

北海公园冰上运动是北京传统体育文化遗产的重要组成内容以及冬季休闲旅游的代表性符号,强化其气候变化影响与适应研究,对于应对全球变化的挑战、践行“大力发展冰雪经济”的指示具有重要意义。本文从多源文献中提取分析了其冰场多年启闭日期（间接指示冰层厚15 cm）的变化特征,并结合气温器测数据以及4种气候情景数据（SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5）,利用留一交叉验证法探讨了不同温度指标和拟合方程的预测效果差异,进而对未来冰上运动季的变化、潜在影响与适应对策进行分析。结果表明：① 1989—2018年冰上运动季始日、末日和持续长度的均值分别为1月1日、2月5日和36 d,对应的趋势表现为不显著的推迟（1.00 d/10a）、提前（-0.77 d/10a）和延长（1.11 d/10a）,时序变化可区分为1989—2000年、2001—2013年和2014—2018年3个阶段。② 冰上运动季始、末日分别对其日期前59 d的日最低温和前94 d的日最高温有较好响应,利用这两个指标和玻尔兹曼函数可更好预测冰上运动季变化。③ 2021—2099年冰上运动季始日、末日和持续长度的均值分别较1989—2018年晚1 d、早1 d和缩短2 d,3个指标变幅一致缩小,对应的0.14 d/10a、-0.21 d/10a和-0.34 d/10a的趋势均达到0.01的显著性水平。④ 未来79 a内冬季两大节庆中元旦冰上运动的适宜性要大于春节,其中春节的适宜性在4种气候情景下相差不大,而元旦的适宜性则在4种情景下有一定差别。⑤ 在相关预估结果上,BCC-CSM2-MR、CanESM-5和UKESM这3种区域气候模式并没有太大差异,而热岛效应影响尚待深入研究。⑥ 为了在气候变暖背景下促进体旅融合消费、保障冰上运动产业高质量发展,运营企业应采取强化游客安全保障、扩展旅游产品谱系、购买冰量保险等全方位主动适应措施,研究者应加强研究气候变化影响的复杂性、改进旅游流的预测效果,而管理部门应大力推动产业风险管理报告的编制,充分重视气候变化风险的动态评估。     

明清时期嘉陵江流域水旱灾害时空分布特征

在系统搜集、整理明清时期嘉陵江流域水旱灾害历史资料并对其进行量化统计分析的基础上,揭示了明清时期的500多年间嘉陵江流域水旱灾害存在如下特征:①水灾和旱灾频繁,而水灾略多于旱灾。两种灾害的发生频率分别为2.56年/次和3.03年/次;②水旱灾害主要发生在农历五、六、七月。在发生月份可考的灾害中,农历五、六、七月发生的旱灾超过了总数之半,水灾也达到水灾总数的69.5%;③涪江流域是水旱灾害发生最频繁的区域。涪江流域的水灾次数占嘉陵江流域水灾总数的31%,旱灾占嘉陵江流域的38%;④水旱灾害等级以一般性灾害和大灾害为主,特大灾害较少。明清时期嘉陵江流域的212次水灾中,一般性水灾147次,大水灾42次,特大水灾23次;所发生的179次旱灾中,一般性旱灾115次,大旱灾42次,特大旱灾22次;⑤森林覆盖率与水旱灾害的发生次数成反比例关系。本文所探讨的明清时期嘉陵江流域水旱灾害的时空分布特征对当前该区域的防灾减灾工作有重要的借鉴意义。     

Modelling Chorabari Lake outburst flood,Kedarnath, India

In this study, the Glacier Lake Outburst Flood(GLOF) that occurred over Kedarnath in June 2013 was modeled using integrated observations from the field and Remote Sensing(RS). The lake breach parameters such as area, depth, breach, and height have been estimated from the field observations and Remote Sensing(RS) data. A number of modelling approaches, including Snow Melt Runoff Model(SRM), Modified Single Flow model(MSF), Watershed Management System(WMS), Simplified Dam Breach Model(SMPDBK) and BREACH were used to model the GLOF. Estimations from SRM produced a runoff of about 22.7 m3 during 16–17, June 2013 over Chorabari Lake. Bathymetry data reported that the lake got filled to its maximum capacity(3822.7 m3) due to excess discharge. Hydrograph obtained from the BREACH model revealed a peak discharge of about 1699 m3/s during an intense water flow episode that lasted for 10–15 minutes on 17 th June 2013. Excess discharge from heavy rainfall and snowmelt into the lake increased its hydrostatic pressure and the lake breached cataclysmically.     

2007年7月重庆和济南城市暴雨洪水灾害认识和思考

介绍了2007年7月发生在重庆、济南两座城市的暴雨洪水灾害发生情况及损失。从地形、气候与自然环境、城市排水系统、灾害预警和防灾应急管理五个方面对致灾原因进行了综合分析,提出了应对暴雨洪水等城市自然灾害的建议,即合理规划城市发展,提高城市排水系统和防洪标准,建立和完善科学的城市灾害应急机制与防灾体系,提高灾害预警水平,并注重增强全民的防灾意识。     

考虑季节性的青藏高原地区公路可达性评价北大核心CSCD

可达性是交通地理学的重要概念之一,准确评价可达性对于交通规划和建设具有重要意义,但目前考虑季节性变化和山区地形影响的可达性评价仍相对较少。青藏高原地区不仅雨季、雪季分明,且具备高海拔和地形复杂等特征,因此,需要在可达性评价中充分考虑季节影响和地形影响。结合多源数据,论文采用成本—距离法评价青藏高原地区公路可达性。结果表明:(1)雨季青藏高原地区到基础服务设施的最短时间较于未考虑降水影响的情况变化不大,在雨季全域总可达性平均值增加0.011 h,多出0.021%的地区受降水影响无法在8 h范围内到达最近服务设施。(2)受积雪影响,青藏高原全域可达性存在变差的情况,全域雪季最短可达性时间平均增加2.04 h。多出5.41%的地区受降雪影响无法在2 h内到达最近服务设施,多出5.54%的地区无法在[2, 4) h范围内到达最近服务设施。(3)从雨雪季节受降水和积雪影响的可达性季节波动情况来看,雪季可达性波动幅度更大。其中,可达性受降水影响最大的地区主要聚集在珠穆朗玛峰附近以及雅鲁藏布江大峡谷附近地区;可达性受积雪影响最严重的地区主要聚集在西藏自治区的东部、青海省的南部、四川省的西部,多分布在横断山区、唐古拉山脉、巴颜喀拉山脉等地形区内。研究结果可为青藏高原地区提高交通路网的稳定性与优化交通路网布局提供科学参考。     

近159年东亚夏季风年代际变化与中国东部旱涝分布(英文)

Based on the drought/flood grades of 90 meterological stations over eastern China and summer average sea-level pressure (SLP) during 1850–2008 and BPCCA statistical methods, the coupling relationship between the drought/flood grades and the East Asian summer SLP is analyzed. The East Asian summer monsoon index which is closely related with interdecadal variation of drought/flood distribution over eastern China is defined by using the key areas of SLP. The impact of the interdecadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon on the distribution of drought/flood over eastern China in the last 159 years is researched. The results show that there are four typical drought and flood spatial distribution patterns in eastern China, i.e. the distribution of drought/flood in southern China is contrary to the other regions, the distribution of drought/flood along the Huanghe River–Huaihe River Valley is contrary to the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it, the distribution of drought/flood along the Yangtze River Valley and Huaihe River Valley is contrary to the other regions, the distribution of drought/flood in eastern China is contrary to the western. The main distribution pattern of SLP in summer is that the strength of SLP is opposite in Asian continent and West Pacific. It has close relationship between the interdecadal variation of drought/flood distribution patterns over eastern China and the interdecadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon which was defined in this paper, but the correlation is not stable and it has a significant difference in changes of interdecadal phase. When the East Asian summer monsoon was stronger (weaker), regions north of the Yangtze River Valley was more susceptible to drought (flood), the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it were more susceptible to flood (drought) before the 1920s; when the East Asian summer monsoon was stronger (weaker), the regions north of the Yangtze River Valley was prone to flood (drought), the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it were prone to drought (flood) after the 1920s. It is indicated that by using the data of the longer period could get much richer results than by using the data of the last 50–60 years. The differences in the interdecadal phase between the East Asian summer monsoon and the drought/flood distributions in eastern China may be associated with the nonlinear feedback, which is the East Asian summer monsoon for the extrinsic forcing of solar activity.     

贵州主汛期极端降水事件及其环流特征分析

利用贵州地区52个测站1961-2006年历年主汛期(6-8月)逐日降水资料,定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,统计了贵州近46年主汛期极端降水事件发生的频次,并分析了极端降水的时空分布特征、周期振荡特征以及极端降水事件典型多年、少年的环流特征.结果表明:贵州主汛期极端降水自北向南逐渐增大,极端降水事件存在着明显的年际、年代际变化特征,并存在2.9 a、20 a的周期振荡特征,在贵州主汛期极端降水事件偏多和偏少时期,其环流特征存在着显著的差异.     

浅论长江中游洪灾高危险性

通过对长江洪水的致灾性、河道边界条件及其孕灾性、承载体易损性的分析,论述了长江中游为我国洪灾高危险区的必然性。分析了人类对河流的治理,使河道稳定性增加,减少了洪灾的风险,但是长江中游的局部河段却发生洪水位增高的趋势,又增加了洪灾风险,该区域高危险的基本特性犹存。研究了三峡运行后,长江中下游出现新的防洪形势:一方面三峡水库巨大的防洪库容拦蓄洪水,大大减少了中下游的洪灾,另一方面因河道的强冲刷,使河势变化剧烈、横向摆动增强,局部河段岸壁失稳,又增加防洪压力。同时因总体水面比降趋平,洪灾风险有向下游转移的趋势。未来长江中游仍为洪灾高危险区,仍应给予高度重视。     

Assessment of severity of the extreme River Tyne flood in January 2005 using gauged and historical information

Abstract

The extreme Tyne (Northumbria, UK) flood in January 2005 provided the opportunity to reassess flood risk and to link peak discharge and flooded area to probability of occurrence. However, in spite of the UK guidance on flood risk assessment given in the Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH), there is still considerable subjectivity in deriving risk estimates. A particular problem for the Tyne arises from the effects of river bed gravel extraction both on the reliability of gauged discharges and in the interpretation of historical level data. In addition, attenuation and drawdown of Kielder Water has reduced downstream flood risk since 1982. Estimates from single-site, pooled estimates and historical information are compared. It is concluded that the return period of the observed flood was around 71 years on the lower Tyne and was probably the largest flood since 1815.     

澳大利亚东侧环流及海温异常与长江中下游夏季旱涝的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA的SST资料和1951～2005年中国160站月降水总量资料,研究了南极涛动,特别是澳大利亚东侧的环流及局地海温异常与长江中下游夏季旱涝的关系。研究发现,澳大利亚东侧位势高度异常与长江中下游夏季降水存在显著正相关,并由此定义了一个澳大利亚东侧位势高度指数（GHIEA）。当GHIEA指数偏大（小） 时,也即澳大利亚东侧位势高度偏高（偏低）,这种气压异常扰动可能通过Rossby波传播到北半球副热带地区,形成南北半球高度场的遥相关,使我国南海至菲律宾北部副热带地区位势高度增加（减小）,也即副高较强（弱）且偏南西伸（偏北偏东）,从而造成长江中下游地区降水偏多（少）。夏季南极涛动与长江中下游夏季降水的显著相关的原因主要是澳大利亚东侧局地位势高度异常造成的。澳大利亚东侧位势高度偏高（低）,南极涛动指数（IAO） 也随之偏大（小）,澳大利亚东侧位势高度异常通过南北半球高度场遥相关影响到北半球副热带地区的大气环流, 进而使长江中游夏季降水偏多（少）。另外,从局地海温异常角度也能部分解释澳大利亚东侧位势高度异常与长江中下游夏季降水存在显著正相关的可能成因:当澳大利亚东侧局地海域SST偏高（低）时,对应GHIEA指数偏高（低）,也即澳大利亚东侧位势高度偏高（低）。同时,当澳大利亚东侧局地海域SST偏高（低）时,南海地区SST也易于偏高（低）,使西太平洋副高较强并偏南西伸（较弱并偏北偏东）,从而造成长江中下游降水偏多（少）。