钻孔灌注桩后压浆作用机理与应用

通过对桩侧和桩底后压浆,可大幅度提高钻孔灌注桩单桩承载力.应用桩-土理论分析了后压浆中浆液对土体及桩体的作用,并从分析影响桩基承载力的因素出发,研究了后压浆的作用机理.在渗透率小的地层中后压浆以压密注浆为主,在渗透率大的地层中后压浆以渗透注浆为主.为避免过分压裂土层,在压浆过程中应控制灌浆压力.压浆量是影响后压浆质量和提高单桩承载力的关键因素之一.     

Spatial and temporal variations of albedo on nine glaciers in western China from 2000 to 2011

This research demonstrates the spatiotemporal variations of albedo on nine glaciers in western China during 2000–2011, by the albedo derived from two types of datasets: Landsat TM/ETM + images and MOD10A1 product. Then, the influence factors of glacier albedo and its relationship with glacier mass balance are also analyzed by the correlation approach, which is frequently used in geostatistics. The paper finds that there are different spatiotemporal variations over the glaciers in western China: (1) For a single glacier, the albedo varies gently with altitude on its tongue and increases fast in the middle part, while in the accumulation zones, the albedo value appears in the form of fluctuation. This could provide a quantitative method to retrieve the snowline by determining the threshold albedo value of snowpack and bare ice. (2) For the glaciers in western China, the albedo decreases with distance to the center of Tibetan Plateau (TP). This may relate to the elevation of glacier, for the speed of glacier retreat highly depends on air temperature. (3) In the summer period, albedo on most glaciers declines over the last 12 years, and it decreases much faster in southeastern TP than other regions, for which air temperature overwhelms the black carbon concentration. In addition, the trend of glacier albedo in summer is greatly correlated with that of measured glacier mass balance, which implies that the long‐term albedo datasets by remote sensing technology could be used to monitor and predict the change of glacier mass balance in the future. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of expansion ratio on the critical Reynolds number in single fracture flow with sudden expansion

Flow in a single fracture (SF) is an important research subject in groundwater hydrology, hydraulic engineering, radioactive nuclear waste repository and geotechnical engineering. An abruptly changing aperture is a unique type of SF. This study discusses the relation between the values of the critical Reynolds number (Re_c) for the onset of symmetry breaking of flow and the expansion ratio (E) of SF, which is defined as the ratio between the outlet (D) and inlet (d) apertures. This study also investigates the effect of inlet aperture d on Re_c for flow in an SF with abruptly changing apertures (SF‐ACA) using the finite volume method. Earlier numerical and experimental results showed that flow is symmetric in respect to the central plane of the SF‐ACA at small Reynolds number (Re) but becomes asymmetric when Re is sufficiently large. Our simulations show that the value of Re_c decreases with the increasing E, and the relationship between the logarithm of Re_c and E can be described accurately using either a quadratic polynomial function or a logarithmic function. However, the relationship of Re_c and d for a given E value is vague, and Re_c becomes even less sensitive to d when E increases. This study also reveals that the hydraulic gradient (J) and flow velocity (v) follow a super‐linear relationship that can be fitted almost perfectly by the Forchheimer equation. The inertial component (J_i) of J increases monotonically with Re, whereas the viscous component (J_v) of J decreases monotonically with Re. The Re value corresponding to equal inertial and viscous components of J (named as the transitional point Re) decreases when E increases, and such a transitional point Re should be closely related to the critical Reynolds number Re_c, although a rigorous theoretical proof is not yet available. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单片卫星影像在航测测图中的利用

在边境测图过程中,经常遇到较大面积云层问题,使航测测图无法顺利进行。能充分利用的影像资源是第一次全国地理国情普查的影像,有国产高分2号、SPOT-6、资源3号等单片卫星影像,无立体像对影像。通过对国情普查的影像分析选取,选取一试验区域进行试验,用国产高分2号卫星影像与SPOT-6卫星影像组成立体像对测制地物地貌,用Worldview卫星立体像对影像测制同一区域的地物地貌,将两种影像源组成立体模型测制的地物地貌进行比较及精度统计,说明单片卫星影像在航测测图中达到的精度。     

GPS精密卫星钟差估计研究

随着精密单点定位技术的发展,对于精确的卫星坐标以及卫星钟差改正精度的要求越来越高,精密卫星星历以及精密卫星钟差的求解成为制约精密单点定位技术发展的瓶颈。本文基于修复周跳的载波相位观测值与相位平滑伪距观测值,采用无电离层延迟星间单差精密卫星钟差估计模型,在先估计出整周模糊度后,进行了精密卫星钟差的估计,并采用与IGS事后精密钟差作二次差的方法进行精度分析,这对于提高精密单点定位精度具有一定的意义。     

基于FY3A/MERSI资料分析广东省气溶胶光学厚度分布

利用国产极轨气象卫星FY3A的MERSI AOD产品分析2010—2013年广东省气溶胶光学厚度的分布规律。结果表明:MERSI AOD产品与地面太阳光度计实测数据的相关系数为0.72,其平均绝对值误差为0.12,均方根误差为0.15,数据精度可满足研究需要;从AOD的空间分布看,珠三角西翼东翼山区五市,其中佛山市、东莞市、中山市为广东省AOD均值最高的地区,梅州市、河源市为广东省AOD均值最低的地区;从AOD的时间分布看,2010—2013年间,AOD呈现先升高后降低的趋势,2011年为拐点,与此同时,AOD还表现出明显的季节变化特征,春季为AOD高值期,夏季、秋季次之,冬季最低。     

天津城区春节期间大气气溶胶污染特征 和数浓度分布

利用天津城区2009-2014年春节期间大气气溶胶观测资料和相关气象资料,重点分析2013和2014年春节期间气溶胶污染特征,探求燃放烟花爆竹以及气象条件对春节期间大气气溶胶的影响。结果表明,受燃放烟花爆竹影响,春节期间PM_(2.5)质量浓度最高值均发生在除夕夜间;持续雾霾天气条件下燃放烟花爆竹,造成2013年除夕夜间PM_(2.5)质量浓度峰值达到1240μg·m～(-3),是近年来最严重的一次;2014年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放量有所减少,加之空气扩散条件较为有利,PM_(2.5)质量浓度显著低于2013年;不同天气条件下,气溶胶数浓度谱分布特征存在明显差异,燃放烟花爆竹期间气溶胶数浓度水平与严重雾-霾天气相当。     

太湖地区HJ-1卫星CCD数据反演气溶胶及大气校正

针对HJ-1卫星CCD数据,利用改进的暗像元法反演气溶胶光学厚度(AOD),再利用反演的AOD对其进行大气校正。将反演的气溶胶与地基太阳光度计数据进行对比验证,发现当反演的AOD值大于0.2时,反演值与地基观测值的相关系数为0.964,符合MODIS业务化反演AOD的精度要求。再将反演得到的气溶胶带入6S辐射传输模型中,对HJ-1卫星CCD数据进行大气校正实验。结果表明,该方法能有效提高HJ-1卫星CCD数据大气校正的精度,更好地复原地物的真实光谱信息。     

长距离单历元单频非差北斗网络差分方法

针对北斗卫星导航系统现有的网络差分方法多是基于GPS系统并采用双差定位模型,而双差定位模型的采用使得网络差分方法存在一些缺陷的问题,该文提出一种长距离单历元单频非差北斗网络差分方法;首先长距离北斗基准站网向覆盖区域内的北斗用户提供非差误差改正数;然后用户内插计算出自己所需的非差误差改正数,并改正北斗单频伪距观测值的误差;最后进行单历元单频网络差分定位。实验表明,该方法能够使用单历元单频伪距观测数据实现长距离北斗网络差分定位。