A Study of Shallow Cumulus Cloud Droplet Dispersion by Large Eddy Simulations

Cloud droplet dispersion is an important parameter in estimating aerosol indirect effect on climate in general circulation models (GCMs). This study investigates droplet dispersion in shallow cumulus clouds under different aerosol conditions using three-dimensional large eddy simulations (LES). It is found that cloud droplet mean radius, standard deviation, and relative dispersion generally decrease as aerosol mixing ratio increases from 25 mg⁻¹ (clean case) to 100 mg⁻¹ (moderate case), and to 2000 mg⁻¹ (polluted case). Under all the three simulated aerosol conditions, cloud droplet mean radius and standard deviation increase with height. However, droplet relative dispersion increases with height only in the polluted case, and does not vary with height in the clean and moderate cases.     

Reconstructed light extinction coefficients using chemical compositions of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> in winter in Urban Guangzhou,China

The objective of this study was to reconstruct light extinction coefficients (b ext ) according to chemical composition components of particulate matter up to 2.5 μm in size (PM 2.5 ). PM 2.5 samples were collected at the monitoring station of the South China of Institute of Environmental Science (SCIES, Guangzhou, China) during January 2010, and the online absorbing and scattering coefficients were obtained using an aethalometer and a nephelometer. The measured values of light absorption coefficient by particle (b ap ) and light scattering coefficient by particle (b sp ) significantly correlated (R 2 > 0.95) with values of b ap and b sp that were reconstructed using the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) formula when RH was <70%. The measured b ext had a good correlation (R 2 > 0.83) with the calculated b ext under ambient RH conditions. The result of source apportionment of b ext showed that ammonium sulfate [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ] was the largest contributor (35.0%) to b ext , followed by ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 , 22.9%), organic matter (16.1%), elemental carbon (11.8%), sea salt (4.7%), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 , 9.6%). To improve visibility in Guangzhou, the effective control of secondary particles like sulfates, nitrates, and ammonia should be given more attention in urban environmental management.     

云模式中气溶胶物理过程参数化方案研究概述

介绍了大气气溶胶的浓度、气溶胶的谱形等物理性质对云的微物理过程造成的影响以及目前云模式中常用到的一些气溶胶物理过程的体积水、分档等参数化方案，并评述了这些参数化方案各自的特点。提出了在设计气溶胶物理过程参数化方案时需要注意和有待解决的几个问题，建议在设计气溶胶-云相互作用的模式时，要根据不同的研究目的选择合适的参数化方案。     

2004年北京秋季大气颗粒物的化学组分和来源特征

2004年9月在北京城区进行了大气颗粒物采样,样品用PIXE方法进行了分析,得到了20种元素的浓度及其谱分布。并对北京颗粒物的谱分布、富集因子和来源进行了分析研究。发现K元素浓度分布呈细粒态单峰谱分布,细粒态K富集因子较高,表明了生物质燃烧的主要贡献。因子分析结果还表明,土壤尘、生物质燃烧、煤烟尘、工业源和汽车尾气排放源对秋季北京局地排放源有明显贡献。     

黑碳气溶胶辐射强迫全球分布的模拟研究

利用一个改进的辐射传输模式,结合全球气溶胶数据集（GADS）,计算晴空条件下冬夏两季黑碳气溶胶的直接辐射强迫在对流层顶和地面的全球分布。计算结果表明,与温室气体引起的整层大气都是正的辐射强迫不同,黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫在对流层顶为正值,而在地面的辐射强迫却是负值。作者从理论上解释了造成这种结果的原因。对北半球冬季和夏季而言,在对流层顶黑碳气溶胶的全球辐射强迫的平均值分别为0.085W/m2和0.155 W/m2,在地面则分别为-0.37 W/m2和-0.63 W/m2。虽然气溶胶的辐射强迫主要依赖于其本身的光学性质和在大气中的浓度,太阳高度角和地表反照率对黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫会产生很大的影响。研究指出:黑碳气溶胶在对流层顶正的辐射强迫和在地面负的辐射强迫的绝对值都随太阳天顶角的余弦和地表反照率的增加线性增大;地表反照率对黑碳气溶胶辐射强迫的强度和分布都有重要影响。黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫分布具有明显的纬度变化特征,冬夏两季的大值区都位于30°N~90°N之间,表明人类活动是造成黑碳气溶胶辐射强迫的主要原因。     

青藏高原黑碳气溶胶传输及沉降的季节特征模拟分析

根据全球气溶胶气候模式GEM-AQ/EC的1995~2004年模拟,分析了青藏高原大气黑碳气溶胶的来源、传输及沉降季节特征。研究表明:青藏高原黑碳气溶胶主要来自自由对流层和大气边界层的输送。相对于自由对流层的黑碳输送,紧邻青藏高原的南亚、东亚以及东南亚大气边界层的输送更有效,它形成了青藏高原由北向南、自西往东黑碳气溶胶浓度和沉降明显递增的基本分布形态。横跨欧亚大陆自由对流层的黑碳气溶胶由西向东向青藏高原的输送全年不变,夏季输送路径最北但强度最弱,冬季路径最南而强度最强。大气边界层黑碳气溶胶的输送受控于亚洲季风环流变化,来自南亚的黑碳气溶胶在春季越过孟加拉湾传输进入高原东南部,夏季则可翻越喜马拉雅山抵达青藏高原南部腹地;同时我国中部排放的黑碳气溶胶也在东亚夏季风向北扩展中驱动它从东向西往青藏高原东北部传输。从秋季到冬季,随着夏季风撤退,南亚黑碳源区向青藏高原传输衰退,东亚冬季风的反气旋性环流的南侧及西南侧的偏东风携带秋季我国东南部源区和冬季东南亚源区黑碳气溶胶向青藏高原东南部传输。受青藏高原明显的暖湿季和干冷季气候影响,干湿沉降分别主导了青藏高原冬季和夏季黑碳沉降,夏季青藏高原黑碳气溶胶沉降总量大多超过8~10 kg·km-2,在高原东北部的最高值超过40 kg·km-2。冬季青藏高原黑碳气溶胶沉降量最低,大部地区黑碳沉降低于5 kg·km-2。青藏高原黑碳沉降的冬夏季节相差约为2~8倍。     

干旱区一次春季沙尘过程的大气气溶胶垂直分布结构及其特征

采用微脉冲激光雷达(Micro-Pulse Lidar,MPL)对干旱荒漠代表站张掖站上空一次春季沙尘暴过程的边界层和自由大气的气溶胶分布和大气环境进行了观测。结果表明,气溶胶的垂直廓线可分为高、中、低3层,高层气溶胶出现在5～9km,主要是通过上风方向的高海拔区域或低层气溶胶通过对流等过程突破边界层顶进入自由大气输送而来,其分布高度在一天中随着时间的推移逐渐降低;中层气溶胶位于2.5～4.5km,其消光特性随高度的增加没有明显的变化,具有垂直混合现象;低层气溶胶在2.5km以下,其消光特性随着高度增加反而降低;中、低层气溶胶主要来源于外部源区或当地沙尘源区和沙壤土起沙。气溶胶垂直分布表现出3种形式:在大气稳定条件下,气溶胶随高度增加呈单峰型减小趋势;不稳定条件下随高度增加指数型降低;混合层中随高度增加而保持稳定。由于受边界层日变化的影响,气溶胶分布的上界出现单峰型日变化特征,具体表现为下午较高,早晨较低。     

中国气溶胶研究进展

结合近年来中国气溶胶研究的现状, 分别对气溶胶的基本特征、气溶胶的气候效应、沙尘气溶胶以及与气溶胶有关的其它研究等四部分内容作了总结和分析。     

The impact of high altitude aircraft on the ozone layer in the stratosphere

The paper discusses the potential effects on the ozone layer of gases released by the engines of proposed high altitude supersonic aircraft. The major problem arises from the emissions of nitrogen oxides which have the potential to destroy significant quantities of ozone in the stratosphere. The magnitude of the perturbation is highly dependent on the cruise altitude of the aircraft. Furthermore, the depletion of ozone is substantially reduced when heterogeneous conversion of nitrogen oxides into nitric acid on sulfate aerosol particles is taken into account in the calculation. The sensitivity of the aerosol load on stratospheric ozone is investigated. First, the model indicates that the aerosol load induced by the SO₂ released by aircraft is increased by about 10–20% above the background aerosols at mid-high latitude of the Northern Hemisphere at 15 km for the NASA emission scenario A (the NASA emission scenarios are explained in Tables I to III). This increase in aerosol has small effects on stratospheric ozone. Second, when the aerosol load is increased following a volcanic eruption similar to the eruption of El Chichon (Mexico, April 1982), the ozone column in spring increases by as much as 9% in response to the injection of NO _x from the aircraft with the NASA emission scenario A. Finally, the modeled suggests that significant ozone depletion could result from the formation of additional polar stratospheric clouds produced by the injection of H₂O and HNO₃ by the aircraft engines.     

RegCM3引入气溶胶间接气候效应模拟效果对比

利用2006年区域气候模式RegCM3和Streets气溶胶排放源清单,在原模式中引入间接气候效应模块,改进云降水方案,对硫酸盐气溶胶的时空分布、辐射强迫效应进行了模拟研究。结果表明：硫酸盐气溶胶辐射强迫有明显季节变化;直接效应使地表温度降低,冬春季大值区出现在四川盆地,夏季大值区出现在华北平原。对降水的影响,主要表现在西南—东北水汽输送带上降水减少;其间接气候效应主要表现在使南方地区温度上升、北方地区温度下降;珠江流域和黄河流域降水减少,长江流域和东北地区降水增加。总的来说,直接效应大于间接效应。