Detection and classification of surface roughness in an Arctic marginal sea ice zone

Sea ice dynamic and thermodynamic processes are important and highly variable elements of the marginal ice zone (MIZ). This study examines the detection and classification of statistically separable sea ice classes in the MIZ through a range of temporal and spatial scales. A helicopter‐based laser system was used to obtain large‐scale and a ship‐based laser profiler to identify small‐scale roughness types, respectively. The analysis of variance of surface height data from helicopter‐ and ship‐based laser systems, active microwave (AMW) C‐band backscattering data and passive microwave (PMW) (37 and 89 GHz) brightness temperature data reveal different classes that statistically differ from one another. We found significant statistical difference in variances in AMW data with six classes that differ in VV polarization, three classes in VH polarization, and five classes in HH polarization in the MIZ (e.g. snow‐covered first‐year ice, ice rubble, pancake ice, frost flowers, melt pond, flooded ice, and ice edge) of southeastern Beaufort Sea. The PMW emission was not as effective at discrimination, yielding only one statistically separable class. The results can potentially be extended to satellite‐based investigations of the MIZ at regional scales. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A sun–crown–sensor model and adapted C-correction logic for topographic correction of high resolution forest imagery

Canopy shadowing mediated by topography is an important source of radiometric distortion on remote sensing images of rugged terrain. Topographic correction based on the sun–canopy–sensor (SCS) model significantly improved over those based on the sun–terrain–sensor (STS) model for surfaces with high forest canopy cover, because the SCS model considers and preserves the geotropic nature of trees. The SCS model accounts for sub-pixel canopy shadowing effects and normalizes the sunlit canopy area within a pixel. However, it does not account for mutual shadowing between neighboring pixels. Pixel-to-pixel shadowing is especially apparent for fine resolution satellite images in which individual tree crowns are resolved. This paper proposes a new topographic correction model: the sun–crown–sensor (SCnS) model based on high-resolution satellite imagery (IKONOS) and high-precision LiDAR digital elevation model. An improvement on the C-correction logic with a radiance partitioning method to address the effects of diffuse irradiance is also introduced (SCnS + C). In addition, we incorporate a weighting variable, based on pixel shadow fraction, on the direct and diffuse radiance portions to enhance the retrieval of at-sensor radiance and reflectance of highly shadowed tree pixels and form another variety of SCnS model (SCnS + W). Model evaluation with IKONOS test data showed that the new SCnS model outperformed the STS and SCS models in quantifying the correlation between terrain-regulated illumination factor and at-sensor radiance. Our adapted C-correction logic based on the sun–crown–sensor geometry and radiance partitioning better represented the general additive effects of diffuse radiation than C parameters derived from the STS or SCS models. The weighting factor W_t also significantly enhanced correction results by reducing within-class standard deviation and balancing the mean pixel radiance between sunlit and shaded slopes. We analyzed these improvements with model comparison on the red and near infrared bands. The advantages of SCnS + C and SCnS + W on both bands are expected to facilitate forest classification and change detection applications.     

地面三维激光扫描技术用于道路平整度检测研究

平整度是道路建设、管理活动中质量监控的重要指标,该指标的好差直接关系到路面的使用寿命、乘客的舒适。本文利用地面三维激光扫描技术对一段破损路面进行检测,探索了该技术用于道路平整度检测的有关问题,以及该技术所具有的独特优势。     

南海台风与上层海洋相互作用的数值模拟研究

本文建立了一个综合考虑大气-海流-海浪相互作用的区域海-气耦合模式系统,利用该系统模拟研究了南海台风发生发展的大气、海洋动力学机理.结果表明:耦合模式较真实地反映了台风和上层海洋的相互作用过程,提高了对台风路径和强度的模拟准确率;在台风充分发展阶段,上层海洋的反馈作用使台风路径发生左偏,并抑制了台风强度的发展;三种海洋...     

Terrestrial laser scanning soil surfaces: a field methodology to examine soil surface roughness and overland flow hydraulics

Conventional roughness–resistance relationships developed for pipe and open‐channel flows cannot accurately describe shallow overland flows over natural rough surfaces. This paper develops a new field methodology combining terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and overland flow simulation to provide a high‐resolution dataset of surface roughness and overland flow hydraulics as simulated on natural bare soil surfaces. This method permits a close examination of the factors controlling flow velocity and a re‐evaluation of the relationship between surface roughness and flow resistance. The aggregate effect of flow dynamics, infiltration and depression storage on retarding the passage of water over a surface is important where runoff‐generating areas are distant from well‐defined channels. Experiments to separate these effects show that this ‘effective resistance’ is dominated by surface roughness. Eight measurements of surface roughness are found to be related to flow resistance: standard deviation of elevations, inundation ratio, pit density (measured both perpendicular and parallel to the flow direction), slope, median depth, skewness of the depth distribution and frontal area. Hillslope position is found to affect the significant roughness measures. In contrast, infiltration rate has little effect on the velocity of water fronts advancing over the soil surfaces examined here and the effect of depression storage is limited. Overland flow resistance is depth dependent where complex microtopographic structures are progressively inundated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用空气造穴完井数据探讨煤储层压力

煤层气空气动力造穴完井技术在中国正处于探索和试验阶段,洞穴完井工艺可以获得丰富的煤储层数据。通过空气动力造穴完井观测数据,结合实际地质情况,将注气压力时间曲线分为两个阶段：注气压力小于储层压力时满足气体状态方程,注气压力大于储层压力时满足气体渗流方程,说明在注气初期井内压力与注气时间近似为直线关系,利用两直线的交点确定储层压力在理论上是合理的,并结合静态条件估算了储层压力。通过与注入压降试验结果对比,证明了计算结果的可信性。这一方法为综合评价储层条件和制定更合理的采排制度提供了有益的参考。     

基于语义和剖面特征匹配的地形粗糙度模型评价

针对地形粗糙度模型种类繁多、概念相近和模型混杂,以及难于针对具体研究样区恰当选取等问题,提出一种基于语义规则判别和剖面特征匹配的粗糙度模型评价算法.通过对面积比率模型、矢量粗糙度模型、表面粗糙度因子、基于标准差计算的统计模型等四类八种常用地形粗糙度模型的测试表明,该算法对粗糙度剖面的转折特征和局部地形变异特征敏感,能够...     

植物阻沙能力研究进展

植物单株与群落的阻沙能力可以用植物周围沉积的积沙体体积与输沙率来衡量,其受植物地上形态结构、粗糙元密集度以及群落配置等多种因素影响.相同区域环境下不同种类的植物以及同种植物在与风沙活动季节相对应的不同物候期内,阻沙能力受冠层形态、茎枝的柔韧性、叶面积以及由此导致的地上生物量分配模式等因素影响较大.因此,植物的阻沙能力应...     

STUDY ON FLUXES OF MOMENTUM AND SENSIBLE HEAT,THE DRAG COEFFICIENT C_D AND ROUGHNESS Z_O

In this paper,fluxes of momentum and sensible heat are discussed with the data callected by tetheredballoon sounding system over the Philippine Sea during the cruise of the R/V SCIENCE 1 from Septem-ber through October in 1987.These fluxes were calculated using the semiempirical flux-profile relationshipsof Monin-Obkhov similarity theory with observed data.The friction velocity U.was determined by theobserved data's least-square fit with the similarity formulae under stable,neutral and unstable conditions.The roughness Z_0 was determined by Z_0=a_1(U./g),then substituted into the similarity formulae to com-pute U.again.The final values of U.and Z_0 could be determined through this iteration.The fluxtemperature θ.was calculated from the temperature profile with Z_0 determined above.Finally the fluxes'of momentum and sensible heat,and the drag coefficient C_D were obtained by computation with U.,θ.and the wind speed(U_(10))at 10 meters above the sea surface.     

基于粗糙度的雨海地形及撞击坑特征分析

以月球雨海地区为研究区,利用Matlab编程语言,结合分辨率为118 m的DEM数据,得出了该地区的均方根高程及均方根偏差分布图,并在研究区内选取18条剖面线,对其进行多种粗糙度参数计算。结果表明雨海地区粗糙度较大的区域主要分布在环形山和撞击坑等区域,粗糙度较小值则主要分布在被火山熔岩流填充的平原等区域,可以确定在百米尺度上环形山和撞击坑是影响雨海地形粗糙度的重要因素。对单个撞击坑而言,坑壁粗糙度最大,坑缘次之,坑底较为平坦,粗糙度最小。坑底粗糙度增大的现象可初步推断该撞击坑存在中央峰。