夏季鄂海阻高活动天数的年际变化及其前期征兆分析

利用1951-2009年NCEP/NCAR高度场月平均资料、全球海表温度月平均资料、国家气候中心提供的东北地区24站逐月温度资料、鄂霍次克海阻塞高压（东阻）活动天数等数据,采用相关和奇异值分解分析（SVD）方法,分析夏季（6-8月）东阻活动天数的年际变化及其前期征兆,结果表明：夏季东阻活动天数年际变化阶段性明显,21世纪以来不仅处于强盛后期明显下降趋势阶段,而且年际变率显著增大;夏季东阻活动天数与中国东北地区中部及东部的温度呈显著负相关;春季至夏季赤道东太平洋（NINO3区）SSTA（特别是1977-2009年）呈El Niño位相是夏季东阻活动的最重要强迫源,当赤道东太平洋为El Niño状态,以及阿拉伯海与北太平洋西风漂流区为暖海温时,夏季东阻活动天数偏多;与夏季同期大西洋海温的SVD1模态表明,当大西洋海温SSTA整体上处于冷（暖）位相分布时,东阻活动天数偏少（多）;夏季东阻活动天数与春季NPO和极涡面积指数相关存在着的年代际变化特征,1951-1976年,夏季东阻活动天数仅与春季北半球极涡面积指数、亚洲极涡面积指数呈显著正相关, 1977-2009年,不仅与春季极涡面积指数呈正相关信号消失,而且,1951-2009年与春季NPO指数呈显著的正相关信号,在此期间也迅速减弱消失。     

吉林省雾的气候特征及变化成因分析

利用1961~2010年吉林省雾日统计资料,对吉林省雾日的时空分布特征、变化趋势进行了详细分析,并分析了雾日变化的原因。结果表明：近50 a来,吉林省年和四季雾日的空间分布均呈东南部地区多、西部地区少的分布特征;雾日季节变化特征表现为8~9月多,10月至次年5月少,西部和中部地区雾日数月季变化呈现双峰型,东南部和东部地区呈现单峰型;雾大多数开始于夜间21时至次日早晨09时,结束于夜间22时至次日午后13时,持续时间多在6 h以下。近50 a来,除了春季雾日没有明显变化外,全省平均及各区域年和四季雾日均呈减少趋势;在2000年前后雾日数发生了一次明显的突变。雾日空间分布与海拔高度有密切关系;雾日趋于减少有人类活动导致的“热岛效应”、“干岛效应”、气溶胶密度加大等原因,也有气候趋于暖干化的自然原因。     

气候变化对里海水位的影响（英文）

目前,关于里海的两个主要问题是水位变化及其生态条件。历史上,里海的海水入侵和衰退对该区域的生活和生产有很大影响。应用地质数据、历史数据和考古数据,以及观测数据,本文对地质历史时期里海水位的变化、年度和季度变化以及短期的波动进行了研究。文章对解释里海水位波动的两种不同的方法进行了论述,并认为里海水位变化是受地质、水文气候和水量平衡以及人类活动等因素的影响的多级过程,其中主要影响因素为水文气候的变化。     

δ15N variation in Ulva lactuca as a proxy for anthropogenic nitrogen inputs in coastal areas of Gulf of Gaeta (Mediterranean Sea)

We tested the capacity of Ulva lactuca to mark N sources across large marine areas by measuring variation in its δ¹⁵N at several sites in the Gulf of Gaeta. Comparisons were made with the macroalga Cystoseira amentacea. Variation of δ¹⁵N values was assessed also in the coastal waters off the Circeo Natural Park, where U. lactuca and C. amentacea were harvested, as these waters are barely influenced by human activities and were used as reference site. A small fragment from each frond was preserved before deployment in order to characterize the initial isotopic values. After 48 h of submersion, U. lactuca was more responsive than C. amentacea to environmental variation and δ¹⁵N enrichment in the Gulf of Gaeta was observed. The spatial distribution of δ¹⁵N enrichment indicated that different macro-areas in the Gulf were affected by N inputs from different origins. Comparison of the δ¹⁵N values of fragments taken from the same transplanted frond avoided bias arising from natural isotopic variability.     

Enzymatic methods for the determination of pollution in seawater using salt resistant alkaline phosphatase from eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

A new salt resistant alkaline phosphatase from eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius (StAP) has been shown to have a unique property to hydrolyze substrate in seawater without loss of enzymatic activity. The enzyme has pH optimum at 8.0–8.5. Model experiments showed various concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead added to seawater or a standard buffer mixture to inhibit completely the enzyme activity at the concentrations of 15–150 μg/l. StAP sensitivity to the presence in seawater of metals, pesticides, detergents and oil products appears to be considerably less. Samples of seawater taken from aquatic areas of the Troitsy Bay of the Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea have been shown to inhibit the enzyme activity; the same was shown for the samples of fresh waters. The phosphatase inhibition assay developed proved to be highly sensitive, technically easy-to use allowing to test a great number of samples.     

Maternal-to-fetal transfer and concentration profiles of PCB congeners for Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from Hokkaido,Japan

The concentrations of PCB congeners in the blubber and liver of mother Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus; SSLs) and their fetuses from the coast of Hokkaido, Japan in 2008, 2010 and 2012 were analyzed by HRGC–HRMS, in order to elucidate PCB congener profiles and maternal-to-fetal transfer of PCBs in SSLs. ΣPCBs in the fetuses were 1400 ± 660 (the mean ± SD) ng/g-fat in the blubber and 570 ± 320 ng/g-fat in the liver, respectively. There was a concern that SSLs had been contaminated by PCBs during the fetal period. The concentrations of the major congeners in the blubber and liver were a correlation between the fetus and mother (blubber: r = 0.9934, liver: r = 0.9160; P ≦ 0.05). The results indicated that PCBs in the fetuses came from the mothers. #177 and #199 showed no correlations between the fetus and the mother in the blubber and liver. This indicated a selective capture by some natural protector such as the placenta.     

Granitic coastal geomorphology: applying integrated terrestrial and bathymetric LiDAR with multibeam sonar to examine coastal landscape evolution

Coasts composed of resistant lithologies such as granite are generally highly resistant to erosion. They tend to evolve over multiple sea level cycles with highstands acting to remove subaerially weathered material. This often results in a landscape dominated by plunging cliffs with shore platforms rarely occurring. The long‐term evolution of these landforms means that throughout the Quaternary these coasts have been variably exposed to different sea level elevations which means erosion may have been concentrated at different elevations from today. Investigations of the submarine landscape of granitic coasts have however been hindered by an inability to accurately image the nearshore morphology. Only with the advent of multibeam sonar and aerial laser surveying can topographic data now be seamlessly collected from above and below sea level. This study tests the utility of these techniques and finds that very accurate measurements can be made of the nearshore thereby allowing researchers to study the submarine profile with the same accuracy as the subaerial profile. From a combination of terrestrial and marine LiDAR data with multibeam sonar data, it is found that the morphology of granite domes is virtually unaffected by erosion at sea level. It appears that evolution of these landscapes on the coast is a very slow process with modern sea level acting only to remove subaerially weathered debris. The size and orientation of the joints determines the erosional potential of the granite. Where joints are densely spaced (<2 m apart) or the bedrock is highly weathered can semi‐horizontal surfaces form. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical investigation of chaotic advection past a groyne based on laboratory flow experiment

A laboratory flow past a groyne with complex hydrodynamics was investigated using surface Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) technique for detecting chaotic features in fluvial mixing processes. In the reconstructed velocity field particles were deployed and tracked numerically in a Lagrangian way. Calculating some appropriate parameters (e.g. flushing times, finite-size Lyapunov exponent) originating from chaos theory, we are able to give a more detailed picture on surface mixing driven by aperiodic flows than traditional approaches, including the separation of sub-regions characterized by sharply different mixing efficiency.     

浅海孔底锤击绳索取芯钻探工艺浅析

主要介绍了浅海海域锆钛砂矿勘查中采用孔底锤击绳索取芯钻探工艺的原理、注意事项并简单介绍工程实例。经实践证明该工艺具有较好的使用价值,可以推广到工程钻探中。     

地震周期的数值估计

模拟计算表明,地震有多种成因,多种因素的周期复合掩盖了地震的周期性。环太平洋地震带受板块运动、潮汐波动、厄尔尼诺、拉尼娜、海平面变化、剥蚀沉积、太平洋十年涛动等诸多因素影响,地震活动最为强烈,8．5级以上强震有明显的准60年和1800年潮汐波动周期。