暴雪过程中多普勒雷达速度产品分析

利用多普勒天气雷达提供的强度、径向速度、风廓线产品及衍生产品对2008年1月25—29日南京持续性暴雪天气回波的演变过程以及回波不同阶段风场垂直结构及其动力条件的变化进行了分析,结果表明:存在持续的低空东北气流以及风向垂直切变的风场结构是这次暴雪天气产生的主要环境特征,暖平流和中层强西南急流有利于产生持续的暴雪,低层辐合、高层辐散及较大的垂直上升运动为暴雪的产生提供了动力条件;任意高度出现西北风,可以作为强降雪将会趋于减弱的临近预报指标。     

The influence of the geostrophic wind advection approximation on a well-mixed layer

Numerical results indicate that advection of momentum in the boundary layer may significantly alter both the structure of the planetary boundary layer and its influence on the overlying free atmosphere. However, due to the nonlinearity of the inertial terms, it is always difficult to obtain the analytical solution of the boundary-layer model that retains the flow acceleration. In order to overcome this difficulty, the geostrophic momentum (hereafter GM) approximation has been introduced into boundary-layer models. By replacing the advected momentum with the geostrophic wind, the effect of the flow acceleration is partially considered and the original nonlinear partial differential equation set is converted to ordinary differential equations, the solutions of which can be obtained easily with standard techniques. However, the model employing GM fails to capture the features of the boundary layer when the spatio-temporal variation of the boundary-layer flow cannot be properly approximated by the geostrophic wind. In the present work, a modified boundary-layer model with the inertial acceleration in a different approximate form is proposed, in which the advecting wind instead of the advected momentum is approximated by the geostrophic wind (hereafter GAM).Comparing the horizontal velocity and boundary-layer pumping obtained from the classical Ekman theory, and the model incorporating (i) GM and (ii) GAM, it is found that the model with GAM describes most facets of the steady well-mixed layer beneath a north-westerly flow with embedded mesoscale perturbations that is considered in the present work. Inspection of the solution of the model with GAM shows that, within the limit of the validation of the model (i.e., the Rossby number R_O is not very large and the drag coefficient C_D is not too small), the horizontal convergence (divergence) is strengthened by the effect of the inertial acceleration in the region of maximum positive (negative) geostrophic vorticity. Consequently, the boundary-layer pumping there is intensified. It is found that the intensification is firstly strengthened and then weakened as R_O or C_D increases.     

用氚的模拟比较被动示踪物平流输送方案

使用一个太平洋海盆尺度环流模式模拟氚的分布,并分别采用二阶中央差(CD)、通量修正输送法(FCT)、分段抛物线法(PPM)、多维正定平流输送法(MPDATA)及二阶矩法(SOM)计算流场对氚的平流输送,通过结果比较考察算法间的差异.模拟试验设定为完整物理过程情形( CASEl)及仅含平流、对流情形(CASE2).CAS...     

2009年11月江苏南部一次大雾天气诊断分析

利用地面观测和探空资料及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,分析了2009年11月25—27日江苏南部大雾的成因。结果表明：逆温层的高度及强度与雾的浓度关系密切,弱冷暖平流有利于产生雾,但是温度平流在近地面一定高度迅速逆转使得温度层结由不稳定转为稳定更利于浓雾产生。边界层在低层辐合上升与高层辐散下沉的界面中形成逆温层,是产生浓雾的重要因素。对大雾天气进行诊断分析,有利于更加准确地对大雾天气进行数值预报,减轻此类灾害性天气的危害。     

Impact of Surface Potential Vorticity Density Forcing over the Tibetan Plateau on the South China Extreme Precipitation in January 2008. Part Ⅰ:Data Analysis

The external source/sink of potential vorticity (PV) is the original driving force for the atmospheric circulation. The relationship between surface PV generation and surface PV density forcing is discussed in detail in this paper. Moreover, a case study of the extreme winter freezing rain/snow storm over South China in January 2008 is performed, and the surface PV density forcing over the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has been found to significantly affect the precipitation over South China in this case. The TP generated PV propagated eastward in the middle troposphere. The associated zonal advection of positive absolute vorticity resulted in the increasing of cyclo-nic relative vorticity in the downstream region of the TP. Ascending air and convergence in the lower troposphere developed, which gave rise to the development of the southerly wind. This favored the increasing of negative meridio-nal absolute vorticity advection in the lower troposphere, which provided a large-scale circulation background conducive to ascending motion such that the absolute vorticity advection increased with height. Consequently, the ascending air further strengthened the southerly wind and the vertical gradient of absolute vorticity advection between the lower and middle troposphere in turn. Under such a situation, the enhanced ascending, together with the moist air transported by the southerly wind, formed the extreme winter precipitation in January 2008 over South China.     

热带气旋逆时针打转物理机制的研究

应用一个无基本气流的准地转斜压模式数值模拟热带气旋逆时针打转运动。分析结果表明：对称气流对非对称涡度的平流引起非对称流场中的小尺度涡旋和通风气流逆时针旋转；旋转的通风气流引导热带气旋作逆时针打转运动。     

青藏高原东北侧夏季异常高温的环流特征及诊断

利用青藏高原东北侧80个气象观测站(1960~2003年)逐日最高气温观测资料,NCEP/NCAR(1971~2000)再分析资料,探讨青藏高原东北侧(甘肃境内,下同)夏季高温天气的变化趋势;选取了异常高温天气的典型个例,进行了环流特征和动力诊断分析,以及同一次高温过程可能影响的最大范围分析。结果表明:西风指数由高指数调整为低指数,并且低指数维持时,高温天气出现并维持,由低指数调整为高指数时,高温天气结束;南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压的上下叠加是引起高温天气最主要的环流特征;高空的正变温及上下一致的负涡度亦是高温维持的重要原因;兰州市的高温与其周边地区的高温具有较好的相关性,即当兰州出现高温时,青藏高原东北侧大部分地区也同时出现高温。     

西太副高影响下北京区域性暴雨的个例分析

北京地区大降水（≥25 mm/d）天气有72%出现在7～8月份，其中直接受西太平洋副热带高压（副高）影响的大降水占46%，它们主要产生在西风槽与副高相互作用的天气形势下。通过对该类暴雨的典型个例分析表明，由于受副高的影响，对流层低层副高南面的偏东气流将海上充沛的水汽输送到大陆，并折向北与偏北气流相遇，汇集在北京附近。同时，副高西北边缘与西风槽之间形成较强的能量锋区，该锋区南面的高温高湿气团蕴藏了较深厚的湿有效位能，在湿位涡的斜压项作用下转化为动能，倾斜垂直涡度发展激发了强烈的上升运动。在斜压扰动作用下，对流层中层差动涡度平流和副高西侧的暖平流破坏了北京及邻近区域的准地转平衡，动力强迫和热力强迫共同作用激发了次级环流，该处的上升运动得到加强。暴雨就是产生在强的能量锋附近低层气旋性涡度发展、高层辐散显著的地方。此外，副高西侧低层的暖湿气流北上，较强的差动假相当位温平流促使大气层结向对流不稳定发展，这对于暴雨局地的再增强是不可忽视的因素。由此，形成对该类暴雨天气预报的着眼点。     

位涡倾向在Muifa台风路径转折中的应用

利用ECMWF资料诊断分析了位涡倾向方程中的水平平流项和非绝热加热项分别在Muifa台风两次路径转折中的作用。结果表明:第一次路径转折过程中,非绝热加热项的量级比水平平流项小一个量级,水平平流项所表征的外部大尺度环流因素是第一次路径转折的主要原因;第二次路径转向过程由水平平流项和非绝热加热项共同控制,其中水平平流项控制台风的移向,非绝热加热项表征的内部非对称结构对台风转向有抑制作用。     

β项和非线性平流对台风结构的作用

用二维Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ展开的解析方法和准地转正压模式数值试验的途径，在线性框架内分析了β项对台风结构的影响。指出相速不同和台风能量向外频散两者共同的作用使台风最大风速随时间合理地变化，而不是无限制地增长。非线性平流使台风涡旋衰减速率加快，因能量频散在台风中心以东方向形成的高值系统又使台风涡旋易于维持。