Lateral flow thresholds for aspen forested hillslopes on the Western Boreal Plain,Alberta, Canada

To predict the long‐term sustainability of water resources on the Boreal Plain region of northern Alberta, it is critical to understand when hillslopes generate runoff and connect with surface waters. The sub‐humid climate (P ≤ ET) and deep glacial sediments of this region result in large available soil storage capacity relative to moisture surpluses or deficits, leading to threshold‐dependent rainfall‐runoff relationships. Rainfall simulation experiments were conducted using large magnitude and high intensity applications to examine the thresholds in precipitation and soil moisture that are necessary to generate lateral flow from hillslope runoff plots representative of Luvisolic soils and an aspen canopy. Two adjacent plots (areas of 2·95 and 3·4 m²) of contrasting antecedent moisture conditions were examined; one had tree root uptake excluded for two months to increase soil moisture content, while the second plot allowed tree uptake over the growing season resulting in drier soils. Vertical flow as drainage and soil moisture storage dominated the water balances of both plots. Greater lateral flow occurred from the plot with higher antecedent moisture content. Results indicate that a minimum of 15–20 mm of rainfall is required to generate lateral flow, and only after the soils have been wetted to a depth of 0·75 m (C‐horizon). The depth and intensity of rainfall events that generated runoff > 1 mm have return periods of 25 years or greater and, when combined with the need for wet antecendent conditions, indicate that lateral flow generation on these hillslopes will occur infrequently. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1951-2013年浙江热量资源变化研究

基于1951—2013年浙江71个常规气象站逐日气温资料和1971—2013年土温资料,采用M-K检验、气候倾向率等气候统计诊断方法,分析浙江地区气温、地温、农业界限温度等热量资源要素的变化规律及气候变化下浙江热量资源区划的年代际变化特征,以期为充分利用气候资源、优化农业结构和作物引种提供科学依据。研究结果表明：1）1951—2013年浙江四季和年平均气温变化幅度分别为0.24 ℃·10a-1(P0.01)、0.10 ℃·10a-1(P0.05)、0.14 ℃·10a-1(P0.01)、0.14 ℃·10a-1(P0.05)和0.18 ℃·10a-1(P0.05),突变起始年分别为1997、2005、2002、1993和1999年;2）1951—2013年浙江平均极端最高、最低气温的气候倾向率分别为0.10 ℃·10a-1(P0.01)和0.30 ℃·10a-1(P0.10);3）土温与农业密切相关,0—20 cm土温与日平均温度通过0.01显著性相关;4）气候变暖导致浙江农业界限温度(0 ℃、5 ℃、10 ℃、15 ℃、20 ℃)初日提前、终日延后、持续天数和积温增加,农业界限温度初日、终日、持续天数和积温的气候倾向率平均值分别为-3.2～-1.5 d·10a-1、0.3～1.6 d·10a-1、2.8～4.1 d·10a-1、95.7～107.3 ℃·d·10a-1;5）1951—2013年浙江初霜延迟、终霜提前、无霜期增加,初霜、终霜和无霜期气候倾向率平均为-3.62 d·10a-1、1.32 d·10a-1和4.97 d·10a-1;6）气候变暖导致浙江热量资源区划变化显著,2001—2010年淳安建德浦江义乌诸暨嵊州天台三门线以南地区≥10 ℃积温超过5600 ℃·d。     

海岛礁光学和雷达影像基于改进非子采样小波变换的自动配准

Homologous feature point extraction is a key problem in the optical and synthetic aperture radar （SAR） image registration for islands. A new feature point extraction method using a threshold shrink operator and non-subsampled wavelet transform （TSO-NSWT） for optical and SAR image registration was proposed. Moreover, the matching for this proposed feature was different from the traditional feature matching strategies and was performed using a similarity measure computed from neighborhood circles in low-frequency bands. Then, a number of reliably matched couples with even distributions were obtained, which assured the accuracy of the registration. Application of the proposed algorithm to SPOT-5 （multi-spectral） and YG-1 （SAR） images showed that a large number of accurately matched couples could be identified. Additionally, both of the root mean square error （RMSE） patterns of the registration parameters computed based on the TSO-NSWT algorithm and traditional NSWT algorithm were analyzed and compared, which further demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm can supply the crucial step for island image registration and island recognition.     

基于随机集合的非传统型有效波极值模型

The analysis and design of offshore structures necessitates the consideration of wave loads. Realistic modeling of wave loads is particularly important to ensure reliable performance of these structures. Among the available methods for the modeling of the extreme significant wave height on a statistical basis, the peak over threshold method has attracted most attention. This method employs Poisson process to character- ize time-varying properties in the parameters of an extreme value distribution. In this paper, the peak over threshold method is reviewed and extended to account for subjectivity in the modeling. The freedom in selecting the threshold and the time span to separate extremes from the original time series data is incorpo- rated as imprecision in the model. This leads to an extension from random variables to random sets in the probabilistic model for the extreme significant wave height. The extended model is also applied to different periods of the sampled data to evaluate the significance of the climatic conditions on the uncertainties of the parameters.     

Influence of Structural Non-Stationarity of Surface Roughness on Morphological Characterization and Mechanical Deformation of Rock Joints

Summary Structural non-stationarity of surface roughness affects accurate morphological characterization as well as mechanical behaviour of rock joints at the laboratory scale using samples with a size below the stationarity threshold. In this paper, the effect of structural non-stationarity of surface roughness is investigated by studying the scale dependence of surface roughness and mechanical behaviour of rock joints. The results show that the structural non-stationarity mainly affects the accurate characterization of the surface roughness of the fracture samples. It also controls the amount and location of the contact areas during shear tests, which in turn affects the mechanical properties and asperity degradation of the samples. It is concluded that for accurate determination of the morphological and mechanical properties of rock joints at laboratory and field scales, samples with size equal to or larger than the stationarity threshold are required. Author’s address: Nader Fardin, Rock Mechanics Group, Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 11365/4563, Tehran, Iran     

影响生油门限深度的地质因素

本文根据三水盆地下第三系心组有机地化资料的分析,确定其生油门限深度为400米。进一步讨论了影响我国东部第三系含油气盆地成油门限值的几种地质因素。提出这些年青的盆地只要具有高地温梯度、高沉降速度、埋深大、剥蚀少就能在较短时间中形成油气。     

地震随机噪声压缩感知迭代压制方法

复杂地表和复杂介质条件下,随机噪声往往严重影响着复杂地震信号的信噪比,同时深层地球物理目标探查中弱地震信号总是被随机噪声所掩盖,如何有效地压制随机噪声干扰、恢复有效地震信号仍然是高精度地震勘探中的关键问题.压缩感知理论突破了奈奎斯特采样定理的限制,利用有效地震信号的可压缩性和稀疏性,提供了从不可压缩随机噪声中进行有效信号分离的数据原理.本文系统分析压缩感知框架下地震随机噪声压制的稀疏优化反问题,提出了基于迭代软阈值算法的"采集-重建-修复"方案对该问题进行求解.在实现高度稀疏表征的基础上进行地震数据的压缩感知随机观测,通过迭代反演对有效地震信号进行重构,有效提高复杂地震数据的信噪比,同时,当求解稀疏优化问题时,如果出现正则化项引起重构信号衰减现象,可以匹配除偏对衰减的有效信号进行修复.通过与工业标准f-x预测滤波方法进行比较,理论模型和实际数据处理的结果表明,压缩感知迭代噪声压制方法对复杂地震数据中的随机噪声有较好的压制效果,可以有效恢复出被较强非平稳随机噪声干扰的时空变同相轴信息.     

Ternary forecast of heavy snowfall in the Honam area,Korea

The objective of this study is to improve the statistical modeling for the ternary forecast of heavy snowfall in the Honam area in Korea. The ternary forecast of heavy snowfall consists of one of three values, 0 for less than 50 mm, 1 for an advisory (50–150 mm), and 2 for a warning (more than 150 mm). For our study, the observed daily snow amounts and the numerical model outputs for 45 synoptic factors at 17 stations in the Honam area during 5 years (2001 to 2005) are used as observations and potential pre...     

基于地性线分级的DEM信息量计算方法研究

主要对基于DEM提取的地性线进行信息量的定量分析,探讨地性线的信息量与分辨率、地形单元的关系。这个过程中首先利用河网的自相似理论研究与当前DEM所代表的地貌详细程度相适宜的地性线提取的阈值区间,并讨论此阈值下地性线的分级,以此为基础通过以该分级为权重进行DEM地形信息量的计算。实践证明,这种顾及地性线等级的DEM信息量计算方法能较准确地反映地性线的分布规律和不同等级的要素造成的信息量度量差异。     

Dynamics and driving mechanisms of asymmetric human water consumption during alternating wet and dry periods

Increases in human water consumption (HWC) and consequent degradation of the ecological environment are common in arid regions. Understanding the mechanisms behind these processes is important for sustainable development. Analyses of changes in HWC between alternating wet and dry periods are carried out in four arid inland basins in Central Asia and China (Syr Darya, Tarim, Heihe and Shulehe river basins). Based on runoff records, the presence of an asymmetric HWC response is proved (p < 0.01), with an increase in HWC during wet periods and a muted decrease during subsequent dry periods. This behaviour is interpreted by invoking theories from behavioural economics at the individual and community levels. A simple model based on these theories is shown to be able to reproduce the observed dynamics and is used to discuss the importance of strengthening institutional factors for water sustainability.