阜阳市土地利用现状与生态占用研究

生态占用是可持续发展的新指标,可直接反应区域发展的现状和未来。阜阳市作为皖西北地区的中心城市,近年来城市规模进一步扩大,城市生产和人民生活对土地利用的强度均有增加。对此,应结合阜阳市土地利用现状,应用Wackemagel等提出的生态占用测度方法对阜阳市的生态占用和生态容量进行计算。从宏观上度量阜阳市社会经济发展的生态状况和可持续性。结果表明,阜阳市人均生态赤字为2．52172313hm^2,立足赤字现状,分析问题,提出未来可持续发展的措施与策略。     

云南省土地综合承载能力空间差异研究

土地资源承载力是区域人口、资源与环境可持续发展评价的重要指标。结合云南省实际情况,从水土资源、生态环境、社会资源和经济技术4个方面选取了20个评价指标构建土地综合承载力的评价指标体系,采用均方差决策赋权法、综合指数法对云南省2008年的土地综合承载力状况进行综合评价。结果显示,依照土地综合承载力评价结果将云南省划分为4大类型承载区域,整体上呈现了西北、东南、东北地区土地综合承载力指数值较低,逐渐向中部一带增高,其空间分异特征较明显,具有一定的地域相近性。进而分析了造成此空间差异的原因并提出了相应的对策与建议,为改善云南省土地综合承载力状况,谋求可持续发展提供参考。     

Laser guide stars for extremely large telescopes: efficient Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor design using the weighted centre-of-gravity algorithm

Over the last few years increasing consideration has been given to the study of laser guide stars (LGS) for the measurement of the disturbance introduced by the atmosphere in optical and near-infrared (near-IR) astronomical observations from the ground. A possible method for the generation of a LGS is the excitation of the sodium layer in the upper atmosphere at approximately 90 km of altitude. Since the sodium layer is approximately 10 km thick, the artificial reference source looks elongated, especially when observed from the edge of a large aperture. The spot elongation strongly limits the performance of the most common wavefront sensors. The centroiding accuracy in a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor, for instance, decreases proportionally to the elongation (in a photon noise dominated regime). To compensate for this effect, a straightforward solution is to increase the laser power, i.e. to increase the number of detected photons per subaperture. The scope of the work presented in this paper is twofold: an analysis of the performance of the weighted centre of gravity algorithm for centroiding with elongated spots and the determination of the required number of photons to achieve a certain average wavefront error over the telescope aperture.     

Measurements of optical turbulence in the free atmosphere above Mount Maidanak in 2005–2007

We present the results of our 2005–2007 campaign to measure the vertical distribution of optical turbulence above Mount Maidanak. The measurements were performed with the MASS instrument, a multi-aperture scintillation sensor that has been widely used for such studies in recent years at many observatories worldwide. Analysis of the data shows that the median seeing in the free atmosphere (at an altitude of 0.5 km and higher) is 0 ″46, while the isoplanatic angle is 2″.47. Given the large time constant (about 7 ms at good seeing), such conditions are favorable for using adaptive optics and interferometric measurements in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges.     

The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the municipal level: Evidence from floodplain management programs in the United States

This article provides a quantitative test of the relationship between adaptive capacity and socio-economic status (SES) at the municipal level. Local participation in a U.S. floodplain management program, the Community Rating System (CRS), is used as an indicator of adaptive capacity. The relationship between aggregated measures of SES and CRS participation is tested using probit, OLS and tobit models. The analysis indicates that socio-economic characteristics of a municipality's population are associated with the capacity of municipal leaders to effect collective action in response to environmental challenges. More theoretical work and case studies are needed to fully explain the reasons for this association.     

本溪53 a降水特征与水资源分析

利用本溪1953--2005年月平均气温、降水量资料,依据高桥浩一郎的陆面实际蒸发经验公式,计算出陆面蒸发、蒸发系数和可利用降水系数,得出本溪水资源的变化特征与降水变化特征基本相似。降水量年际变化大,季节分配不均,总体呈下降趋势;春季蒸发损失量大,是易出现干旱的季节;提出缓解和解决水资源缺乏的建议,人工影响天气增加降水量、开源节流节约用水、水污染治理和水土流失控制。     

The Adaptive Wavelet Collocation Method and Its Application in Front Simulation

The adaptive wavelet collocation method(AWCM)is a variable grid technology for solving partial differential equations(PDEs)with high singularities.Based on interpolating wavelets,the AWCM adapts the grid so that a higher resolution is automatically attributed to domain regions with high singularities. Accuracy problems with the AWCM have been reported in the literature,and in this paper problems of effciency with the AWCM are discussed in detail through a simple one-dimensional(1D)nonlinear advection equation whose analytic solution is easily obtained.A simple and effcient implementation of the AWCM is investigated.Through studying the maximum errors at the moment of frontogenesis of the 1D nonlinear advection equation with different initial values and a comparison with the finite difference method(FDM) on a uniform grid,the AWCM shows good potential for modeling the front effciently.The AWCM is also applied to a two-dimensional(2D)unbalanced frontogenesis model in its first attempt at numerical simulation of a meteorological front.Some important characteristics about the model are revealed by the new scheme.     

The influence of load inclination on the undrained bearing capacity of strip footings on slopes

The effect of inclined loading on the bearing capacity of foundations on horizontal ground surface is well established and both the exact solution and simpler empirical equations are available for the calculation of the failure loads. However, for footings on or near slopes complete solutions are available only for vertical loading. This paper investigates the influence of inclined loading on the horizontal and vertical failure loads. The finite element, upper bound plasticity and stress field methods are used to examine a wide range of geometries and soil properties. The methods are first validated against known solutions for two special cases and are subsequently employed to investigate the effect of the geometrical and material properties on the failure loads and the bearing capacity load interaction diagram. Based on this investigation an empirical equation is proposed for the load interaction diagram for undrained inclined loading of footings on or near slopes.     

生态工业园区水资源承载力与水循环系统构建

从水资源利用水平和利用方式的角度,通过建立水资源综合评价指标体系和水循环系统,对生态工业园区水资源进行科学评估和合理配置,并以国内某高科技园区为例,采用情景分析和层次分析法对评价指标进行定量估算;通过实例研究,建立的模型可操作性较好,可有效衡量生态工业园区水资源利用水平。     

过氧化钠超强熔矿能力的新认识

过氧化钠熔融能快速分解许多热稳定性高,化学稳定性好,十分难溶（熔）的矿物、金属、合金、碳化物、氮化物和炉渣等。经长期大量熔矿、测试实验研究认为：过氧化钠超强熔矿能力归因于它在520℃～640℃熔融时,释放出原子氧,将物料中许多元素迅速氧化至最高价态;这些高价离子立即与氧形成络合物;过氧化钠熔融物的强碱性,有利于这些高价离子可熔性络合物的形成和稳定,致使物料的晶体构造、结构彻底破坏,而被完全分解。