太行山地形影响下的极端短时强降水分析

2015年8月2日午夜和2011年8月9日前半夜,在两种不同天气系统背景下太行山东麓都出现了小时雨量超过50 mm的极端短时强降水天气,两次过程都是雷暴先在太行山区触发加强,经过下山2 h先后在丘陵站平山和山前平原站石家庄市区产生极端短时强降水。利用常规探测资料、地面加密观测资料、石家庄SA多普勒天气雷达资料,对不同天气系统背景下太行山特殊地形影响的极端短时强降水成因进行分析。结果表明:偏东气流被南北向的太行山地形强迫抬升,且与下山雷暴出流形成中尺度辐合线触发新的雷暴,雷达回波呈现后向传播特征和列车效应造成局地极端短时强降水。太行山地形通过增强辐合上升运动、增大垂直风切变使雷暴下山加强。不同天气系统强迫下,太行山特殊地形对雷暴发展作用不同。在偏西气流引导下,暖区极端短时强降水由阵风锋触发,具有突发性、降水时间短、伴随风力大的特点,下山雷暴出流加快且与山前偏东风的辐合加强,陆续在丘陵区和山前平原触发对流与下山雷暴合并加强造成极端短时强降水;而在东北气流引导下,回流冷锋和阵风锋共同触发的极端短时强降水具有持续时间较长、降雨总量较大、伴随风力较小的特点,太行山东坡对东北冷湿回流有阻挡积聚作用,东北偏北来的雷暴出流边界西端在迎风坡上强迫抬升使雷暴触发并加强,东北气流遇山后发生气旋性偏转使雷暴出流转向东南下山,与平原的偏东风辐合加强,造成丘陵区和山前平原的总降雨时间更长、降雨总量更大。     

一种浙江省冻雨落区的推算方法

2008年初浙江省出现全省性的大范围强冻雨天气,在输电线路上形成很厚的覆冰,致使浙江电网遭受巨大的损失。然而,浙江省却仅有三分之一的气象站观测到冻雨,持续时间也很短。本文利用全球再分析资料ERA-Interim结合浙江电网覆冰灾情资料,分析了2008和2013年的两次强冻雨过程。研究表明浙江省强冻雨发生时具备冷暖冷的层结结构,且中间暖层气温0℃,但相比湖南省,浙江省的暖层中心气温稍低,下层冷层厚度略厚,暖层中的液态水进人到下层冷层后易被冻结,落到低海拔地面为冰粒,或者低海拔地面层气温高于0℃,冻雨落到地面为降雨,所以冻雨期间浙江省绝大多数气象站(海拔在200 m以下)观测不到雨凇,观测到的多是冰粒或降雨;而在海拔较高的山区,冷层厚度变薄,液态水被冻结的概率大大降低,而且山区地面气温多低于0℃,有利于冻雨落在山区地面形成雨凇,因此浙江省冻雨多出现在浙中海拔400 m以上和浙南海拔600 m以上的山区。根据浙江省冻雨的特点,采用全球再分析资料进行冻雨落区推算,结果与浙江电网实际的覆冰灾情吻合得较好。本研究利用输电线路覆冰厚度确定冻雨强弱和分布,采用再分析资料推算冻雨落区,为地形起伏度较大的省份开展冻雨研究,进行冻雨监测和预报提供一条新的思路。     

自然灾害对公共安全的影响及其监测预警科技发展战略

改革开放以来,我国在自然灾害监测预警的各个环节均取得了可喜的发展,对减轻灾害损失、保障人民生命财产安全和社会稳定繁荣发展发挥了重要作用。但仍需清醒地认识到,在灾害规律演变、社会经济发展的新形势下,各类自然灾害对国家公共安全仍存在很大的威胁;我国目前灾害监测预警能力与国家防灾减灾“三个转变”需求以及国际先进水平相比仍存在较大差距。因此,本文简要论述了气象、海洋、地质、地震、生物五大自然灾害对国家公共安全的影响,并根据我国目前监测预警状况和存在问题,提出未来5～10 a我国自然灾害监测预警科技发展战略要从加强预测预报基础理论研究、提升综合监测能力、构建高效自然灾害预警系统以及发展减灾避灾和救灾技术四个方面着手推进。     

地表水酸化的研究进展及其湖泊酸化的环境信息研究

通过对发达资本主义国家在其工业化进程中产生的地表水酸化、资源与环境的破坏以及相关研究进展等的简介 ,审视我国大气污染、酸雨的发展趋势 ,预估部分酸雨区存在地表水酸化的潜在危险性。据此以云南高原湖泊洱海和阳宗海为例 ,从湖水矿化度、SO2 -4 离子浓度的动态变化和沉积记录的磁化率变化等分析研究 ,评述湖泊酸化的早期表现和判别标志。     

Analysis of the Spatio-temporal Changes in Acid Rain and Their Causes in China (1998-2018)

With the rapid development of the economy, acid rain has become one of the major environmental problems that endanger human health. Being the largest developing country, the environmental problems caused by acid rain are of increasing concern with the rapid industrialization and urbanization in China. Recently, many researchers have focused on acid rain. To better understand the temporal and spatial dynamics of acid rain in China, the monitoring data on acid rain from 1998 to 2018 were studied using ArcGIS 10.2. The results show that the proportion of acid rain cities, the frequency, and the area of acid rain were decreasing, however, the situation still remains serious. Overall, the chemical type of acid rain was mainly sulfuric acid rain. However, the concentration ratio of SO₄ ^2-/NO₃ ^- decreased by 81.90% in 2018 compared with 1998, and presented a decreasing trend, which indicates that the contribution of nitrate to precipitation acidity has been increasing year by year. This research will help us to understand the distribution characteristics and causes of acid rain in China, and it may provide an effective reference for the prevention and control of acid rain in China.     

Design and Application of the Annual Report of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Monitoring

Scientific and effective heritage monitoring can not only realize the conservation of the heritage itself and the maintenance of its values, but it can also realize the sustainable development of the heritage site. In order to promote the conservation and management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), this study proposed a design for the annual report of GIAHS monitoring under the overall framework of the GIAHS monitoring system, and explored the application of the annual report in the first GIAHS site in China: the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System. In the design scheme of this study, the GIAHS annual monitoring report is composed of 24 monitoring items, with each of them logically related. It is to be filled in by the bureaus of the heritage site and reported through the GIAHS dynamic monitoring system. The results of an analysis of the annual reports of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System for four years showed that Qingtian County has taken a series of conservation and development measures which have reduced the area of abandoned paddy, enhanced the unit benefit of agri-products, and increased the farmers’ income. At the same time, the heritage site is faced with various challenges and threats, such as the weakening of the tourism attraction, the aging of the heritage practitioners, and the limitation of the heritage-themed agri-products and tourism income, which need to be addressed with proper measures. The results can also provide guidance for other GIAHS based on indications that heritage sites should improve the development of cultural products, the construction of social organization and the cultivation of spontaneous publicity, and an exchange and learning mechanism should be established among them in the future. The design and application of the GIAHS annual monitoring reports can not only provide specific guidance for conducting the GIAHS monitoring, but also lay the foundation for evaluating the effectiveness of GIAHS conservation and management. This study is expected to help enrich the theory of GIAHS monitoring, further promote China’s GIAHS monitoring work, and also provide China’s experience for the benefit of international GIAHS monitoring efforts.     

无人机影像三维重建在沙丘形态监测中的应用

沙丘形态监测对开展土地沙化防治工作具有重大意义。应用无人机,分别在2016年7月、2017年3月、7月和9月对青海湖克土沙区4个沙丘进行影像采集,借助PhotoScan软件进行三维重建生成高分辨率的沙丘正射影像和DEM数据,使用ArcGIS软件获取沙丘形态参数并分析变化。实验结果表明：基于无人机影像监测沙丘形态,具有可行性和准确性,正射影像精度较高,DEM数据通过校正后可正确反映沙丘形态,为逐天高精度监测变化提供了可能。     

江西省早稻雨洗花灾害指标构建与灾损评估

构建早稻雨洗花灾害指标及适于早稻产量估算的灾损评估模型,对开展早稻雨洗花灾害监测、损失评估、灾害保险等具有重要意义。该文以江西省早稻为研究对象,利用1981-2015年14个水稻气象观测站逐日气象资料和农业气象观测资料,筛选出基于早稻抽穗扬花期间过程降水量、最大降水量、降水日数及实际产量的雨洗花灾害样本78个,在此基础上,利用相关分析、正态分布以及主成分回归法,建立了雨洗花灾害指标和灾损评估模型,并对其进行验证。结果表明:抽穗扬花期降水对雨洗花灾害形成有显著影响,其主要影响时段为抽穗扬花普遍期前后5 d内,关键时段为抽穗扬花普遍期前后3 d内。日降水量40 mm可作为早稻抽穗扬花期雨洗花灾害临界指标。以该指标为基础,统计日降水量不低于40 mm的降水日数及其对应的累积降水量,当累积降水量为40~170 mm时,为轻度雨洗花灾害,早稻一般减产小于15%,平均减产10%;当累积降水量不小于170 mm时,为重度雨洗花灾害,早稻一般减产不低于15%,平均减产22%。指标验证结果与历史实际灾害发生情况有较好的一致性。雨洗花灾损评估模型检验结果表明:雨洗花年模拟产量与实际产量吻合度较高,平均相对模拟误差为4.3%,78.0%的资料相对误差在5%以内,可利用该模型对雨洗花年的早稻减产率进行模拟和预测。     

“7·20” 华北和北京大暴雨过程的分析

本文对2016年7月19—21日华北及北京的特大暴雨作了研究和讨论。研究表明,该次暴雨为诸多有利因素所致:前期副热带高压呈带状稳定维持,中旬末东退,后呈"东高西低"分布,华北处于槽前辐合上升区,有利对流发生。高空西来槽停滞加深(并切断)与低层江淮暖性倒槽叠加,快速发生发展成为一深厚的气旋,出现了高低空系统的耦合。有一支暖(湿)输送带自南向北推进至关重要,源地可追踪至南中国海等低纬度地区,水汽通量辐合大值区先后经长江、黄淮至华北,有明显的中低纬度系统的相互作用。2016年的"7·20"暴雨和2012年"7·21"暴雨均存在明显的多尺度特征,但其具体特征有所不同。前者强烈对流活动稍弱于后者,降水趋势平稳,然而由于其大尺度强迫持续时间长,累积降水量仍然较大。本文主要集中于一些事实的分析,对于该次暴雨的机理尚需作进一步研究。     

2018年7月大气环流和天气分析

2018年7月大气环流的主要特征是极涡偏强且呈单极型分布,中高纬环流呈4波型,西太平洋副热带高压强度较常年明显偏强,位置较常年明显偏北。7月全国平均气温22.9℃,较常年同期偏高1.1℃,为1961年以来历史同期第三高;全国平均降水量133.8 mm,比常年同期（120.6 mm）偏多11%,与历史同期相比呈现北多南少的分布特征。月内我国有7次区域性暴雨天气过程,多站出现极端日降水量。7月共有5个热带气旋在西北太平洋和南海活动,并有“玛莉亚”、“山神”、“安比”3个台风登陆,生成和登陆个数均较常年偏多。我国中东部出现持续性高温天气,同时强对流天气频发,影响范围较广。