循环荷载下红层泥岩土的动态特性

针对红层泥岩土这种特殊的粒类材料,通过动三轴试验研究了其在循环荷载下的动态特性。分析了应变和围压对动态参数(动模量、阻尼比)的影响,在对动模量归一化的基础上,并考虑最大阻尼比与围压的关系,提出了一个阻尼比的计算方法。引入了动应力水平的概念,由试验数据得到红层泥岩土的临界动应力水平为30%左右。动强度随围压增加而增大,而随振次的增加减小;在较小的破坏应变标准下,动应力对动强度的影响起主导作用,破坏应变标准增大时,振次的影响起主要作用。根据累积应变曲线的发展趋势,把红层泥岩土的累积变形分为稳定型和破坏型,分析了产生不同变形曲线的原因,并分别采用不同的经验公式对两种累积变形进行计算,得到了各参数的取值范围。     

不同生境梭梭对降水变化的生理响应及形态调节

以中亚荒漠关键种梭梭为研究对象,对比2006年生长季土壤水分状况和生长在沙土及黏土中梭梭对3个降水处理的生理响应与同化枝面积的累积变化,分析不同质地土壤生长的梭梭在生长季对降水变化的生理响应及其形态调节。结果表明,沙土中生长梭梭对降水响应明显,生长季同化枝水势较高,且不同降水处理下蒸腾速率和瞬时水分利用效率差异显著,同化枝形态调节幅度不大。黏土不利于降水入渗,梭梭同化枝水势、蒸腾速率和瞬时水分利用效率对降水变化的响应不敏感,同化枝面积和生长速率在不同降水处理间差异显著,同化枝脱落较早。生理响应与形态调节的综合研究表明,不同质地土壤生长的梭梭通过有效的同化枝形态调节保证了其在降水处理下稳定的光合碳同化作用。在全球气候变化的背景下,沙土更有利于梭梭的生长。     

Recent variation in reach‐scale bankfull discharge in the Lower Yellow River

Bankfull discharge is a key parameter in the context of river engineering and geomorphology, as an indicator of flood discharge capacity in alluvial rivers, and varying in response to the incoming flow and sediment regimes. Bankfull channel dimensions have significantly adjusted along the Lower Yellow River (LYR) due to recent channel degradation, caused by the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, which has led to longitudinal variability in cross‐sectional bankfull discharges. Therefore, it is more representative to describe the flood discharge capacity of the LYR, using the concept of reach‐averaged bankfull discharge. Previous simple mean methods to estimate reach‐scale bankfull discharge cannot meet the condition of flow continuity or account for the effect of different spacing between two sections. In this study, a general method to calculate cross‐sectional bankfull discharge using the simulated stage‐discharge relation is outlined briefly, and an integrated method is then proposed for estimating reach‐scale bankfull discharge. The proposed method integrates a geometric mean based on the log‐transformation with a weighted average based on the spacing between two consecutive sections, which avoids the shortcomings of previous methods. The post‐flood reach‐scale bankfull discharges in three different channel‐pattern reaches of the LYR were estimated annually during the period from 1999 to 2010 using the proposed method, based on surveyed post‐flood profiles at 91 sedimentation sections and the measured hydrological data at seven hydrometric sections. The calculated results indicate that: (i) the estimated reach‐scale bankfull discharges can effectively represent the flood discharge capacity of different reaches, with their ranges of variation being less than those of typical cross‐sectional bankfull discharges; and (ii) the magnitude of the reach‐scale bankfull discharge in each reach can respond well to the accumulative effect of incoming flow and sediment conditions. Finally, empirical relationships for different reaches in the LYR were developed between the reach‐scale bankfull discharge and the previous four‐year average discharge and incoming sediment coefficient during flood seasons, with relatively high correlation coefficients between them being obtained, and the reach‐scale bankfull discharges in different reaches predicted by the delayed response model were also presented for a comparison. These relations for the prediction of reach‐scale bankfull discharges were validated using the cross‐sectional profiles and hydrological data measured in 2011. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市热岛效应的影响机理及其作用规律——以上海市为例

以上海市为例,从土地利用规模和强度的变化、类型和布局的变化、利用方式的变化三个方面揭示其对热岛效应的影响机理;实证分析结果表明：（1）土地城市化是上海城市热岛强度的主要影响因素;就建成区扩张对热岛强度的具体影响而言,累积效应大于其增量效应;（2）工业化、房地产开发、人口增长对上海城市热岛强度均具有较大的影响;就经济发展和能源消耗对城市热岛强度的具体影响而言,密度效应通常大于其规模效应;就全社会房屋竣工面积、20 层以上高层建筑数量对热岛强度的影响而言,累积效应小于增量效应;就人口增长对城市热岛强度的具体影响而言,密度效应与规模效应大体相近;（3）土地利用和城市发展模式的差异导致了城市热岛效应的空间差异。     

NaCl胁迫对甜叶菊移栽苗生理生态特性的影响

通过盆栽法, 研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对甜叶菊移栽苗生理生态特性的影响. 结果表明: NaCl对甜叶菊移栽苗生长的胁迫表现为低促高抑的效应, 即0~44 mmol·L^-1浓度下, NaCl处理对甜叶菊移栽苗光合作用和生长具有促进作用; 44~140 mmol·L^-1浓度下, 甜叶菊光合参数、干叶产量、长势等逐渐下降; 大于140 mmol·L^-1浓度下, 甜叶菊将不能存活. 低浓度NaCl胁迫下, 甜叶菊叶生长量增加, 而茎和根的生长量与其他NaCl胁迫一样, 表现为增长量降低. 甜叶菊通过增加叶生物量适应低盐胁迫, 是甜叶菊叶子的增产新机制, 为生物量的分配研究提供了新的佐证. 此外, 所确定的Na⁺影响甜叶菊生长的低促高抑的浓度范围, 为今后甜叶菊规模化和精细化栽培种植提供了理论基础.     

循环交通荷载下软土路基长期沉降理论解

基于循环交通荷载下软黏土累积塑性变形、累积孔压经验公式与分层总和法结合的方法,通过计算不排水循环累积塑性变形引起的沉降和不排水循环累积孔压消散引起的固结沉降叠加,建立了一个软土路基长期沉降拟静力计算模型。对交通荷载应力路径下的软黏土空心圆柱扭剪试验数据分析,获得了不排水累积塑性应变模型和不排水累积孔压公式的参数。基于弹性理论解积分计算交通荷载下路基中的动应力,再结合分层总和法计算了路基沉降与循环周次的关系。通过工程实例分析,对比了计算沉降结果与实测结果并与以往理论分析结果,验证了所建立模型的合理性。     

麻疯树和枫杨幼苗对5种模拟喀斯特逆境的光合生理响应

通过测定麻疯树和枫杨幼苗在5种模拟喀斯特逆境下的光合以及δ13C值的变化,分析其光合响应特征。结果表明,第15天,麻疯树幼苗在偏碱性、干旱、低磷、高重碳酸盐和低营养下的净光合速率（Pn）分别为4.39、0.27、2.58、3.08和6.26 μmol?m-2?s-1,第25天则分别变为4.09、0.66、4.57、3.83和4.04 μmol?m-2?s-1;枫杨幼苗的Pn和水分利用效率均低于麻疯树,枫杨幼苗在第25天的Pn有所升高。干旱下枫杨幼苗的初始荧光（Fo）显著升高,光系统II原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）显著下降,与麻疯树幼苗相比,其光合结构受到更为严重的损害。第25天各逆境下麻疯树幼苗的δ13C值与对照相比显得更为偏正,其对胞内HCO3-的利用能力较强。因此,在山坡缺水环境适宜种植麻疯树,而在沿溪涧河滩阴湿环境则适宜种植枫杨。      

调亏灌溉下番茄叶片气体交换日变化和光响应特性

以原料番茄“里格尔87-5”为试验材料,设置正常灌水、轻度亏水和中度亏水3个水平,对水分亏缺条件下番茄果实膨大期光合作用日变化及光合速率对光强度的响应进行研究,以对原料番茄光合能力进行探讨并模拟适合亏水条件下光响应过程。结果表明:(1)轻度亏水条件下,番茄叶片气体交换特性与对照无显著差异,但中度亏水条件下净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著降低。(2)利用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、指数函数模型和直角双曲线修正模型,对表观量子效率、最大净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、光饱和点、光补偿点进行模拟,4个模型对光响应曲线的拟合程度较高,但直角双曲线修正模型拟合结果与实测值最符合。(3)不同水分条件下的表观量子效率、最大净光合速率与光合速率日均值显著相关,而光合速率日均值与产量显著正相关;中度亏水造成光合速率日均值显著降低,最终影响了产量;轻度亏水下番茄能够维持正常光合作用,在不显著降低产量的同时实现节水目标。     

Comparison of anatomical structure and photosynthetic characteristics between the two photosynthetic organs of the desert plant Hedysarum scoparium

The desert plant Hedysarum scoparium uses leaflets and rachises as its photosynthetic organs. The abundance of leaflets was lower under unfavorable environmental conditions and higher with improved water conditions. To examine the characteristics associated with the adaptation of H. scoparium to its environment, we selected plants with both compound leaves and rachis without leaflets to study the anatomical structures and gas exchange characteristics of the two organs. The results show that the water storage tissues in rachises were more developed compared with the leaflets. The diurnal courses of the net photosynthetic rate for the rachis and the leaflet were both in a bimodal pattern. Meanwhile, both two peak values of the rachis were significantly higher than those of the leaflet. The daily average transpiration rate was significantly higher in the rachis than in the leaflet in order to lower the temperature of the rachises. It was concluded that under desert drought conditions, the leaflets of H. scoparium were partially or completely degraded to reduce the transpiration area as an adaptive response to water deficit, and only the rachises were retained as photosynthetic organ. The rachises were found to be better suited to a desert habitat than the leaflets.     

风浪波群中波高分布研究

在实验室风浪槽中观测风浪,发现波群连长是影响波群中波高分布的重要因素,随着波群连长增大,波群中波高分布信息熵增大。当以平均波高无因次化,连长较大时波群中波高累积概率明显大于连长较小时情形。波群中波高分布受谱宽度影响。当谱宽度增大,波群中波高累积概率降低。谱宽度和波群连长对波群中波高累积概率的影响相当。引进体现波群特性的1个无因次化波高参量研究波群中波高累积概率。