广西平果堆积型铝土矿成矿封闭环境研究

通过堆积矿矿-土组合特征的研究,揭示了平果矿区在强烈剥蚀环境中堆积矿保存的地质条件,将矿层结构类型划分为斜坡型、洼地型和塌陷型,明确了它们与矿区岩溶地貌分带对应、继承演化的关系.通过矿层地球化学分析,在矿土物源关系、风化程度、成矿相关性等方面揭示了堆积矿在演化过程中风化强、剥蚀弱的特点,这种特点有利于铝土矿的成矿.矿层...     

Photosynthesis,growth and survival of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica in response to simulated salinity increases in a laboratory mesocosm system

This study aims to examine the effect of increased salinity on the photosynthetic activity of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica in a laboratory mesocosm system. To do this, large rhizome fragments were transplanted in a mesocosm laboratory system and maintained at 37 (ambient salinity, control treatment), 39, 41 and 43 (hypersaline treatments) for 47 days. Pigment content, light absorption, photosynthetic characteristics (derived from P vs. E curves and fluorescence parameters), and shoot size, growth rates and net shoot change were determined at the end of the experimental period. Both net and gross photosynthetic rates of plants under hypersaline conditions were significantly reduced, with rates some 25–33% and 13–20% lower than in control plants. The pigment content (Chla, Chlb, Chlb:Chla molar ratio, total carotenoids and carotenoids:Chla ratio), leaf absorptance and maximum quantum yield of PSII (F_v/F_m) of control plants showed little or no changes under hypersaline conditions, which suggests that alterations to the capacity of the photosynthetic apparatus to capture and process light were not responsible for the reduced photosynthetic rates. In contrast, dark respiration rates increased substantially, with mean values up to 98% higher than in control leaves. These results suggest that the respiratory demands of the osmoregulatory process are likely to be responsible for the observed decrease in photosynthetic rates, although alterations to photosynthetic carbon assimilation and reduction could also be involved. As a consequence, leaf carbon balance was considerably impaired and leaf growth rates decreased as salinity increased above the ambient (control) salinity. No significant differences were found in the percentage of net shoot change, but mean values were clearly negative at salinity levels of 41 and 43. Results presented here indicate that photosynthesis of P. oceanica is highly sensitive to hypersaline stress and that it likely account for the decline in leaf growth and shoot survival reported in this and previous studies in response to even small increments of the ambient salinity.     

不同氮磷水平对缘管浒苔生长及光合作用的影响

近岸海域的富营养化是被广泛关注的重要海洋生态环境问题,其中N和P是富营养化过程主要的2种营养盐.本实验旨在探讨N和P对缘管浒苔的生长、光合作用以及可溶性蛋白含量的影响.结果表明:添加N和P都显著增加藻体的光合作用速率、可溶性蛋白含量,最终显著提高藻体的相对生长率.缘管浒苔对N和P的利用可以在一定范围内相互弥补.这表明缘...     

厚层堆积层震裂斜坡变形特征及破坏机制——以小金县某震裂不稳定斜坡为例

“5.12”汶川特大地震形成了震区大量的震裂不稳定斜坡,其中绝大部分发生在厚层堆积层斜坡中,这类次生地质灾害有着特殊的力学破坏机制.以小金县某不稳定斜坡为例,研究了高程、地形坡度、岩土体结构条件等对斜坡动力响应的影响,初步分析了厚层堆积层震裂斜坡的变形特征及破坏机制.认为,在地震动力作用下厚层堆积物斜坡往往出现潜在多级滑动面的现象,且破裂面多沿着堆积层中某些曲面发生滑动破坏,这与地震瞬间拉张破坏在斜坡体中产生的震裂缝深度和延伸有关.总的来说,震裂不稳定斜坡的失稳可以认为是地震使边坡岩土体力学参数降低、震后地下水的软化共同作用下累计破坏的结果.     

东南极洛多姆冰帽粒雪晶粒的生长

对东南极洛多姆冰帽16个地点粒雪晶粒平均面积的详细研究表明,表层数米内晶粒的迅速生长在低积累区较为显著,随积累率增大逐渐减弱,原因可能是随积累率增大粒雪在近表层停留时间变短。晶粒平均面积随深度及年代的变化都可以较好地用线性关系近似表示。由于采样地点间积累率的巨大差别,积累率对晶粒平均面积深度关系影响较大。随积累率增加,晶粒平均面积的增加速率随深度明显减小。晶粒生长速率随温度的关系在-17℃左右开始和Gow(1975)的关系偏离,反映出晶粒生长过程的自扩散激活能可能和温度有关,其值随温度升高而增大。     

厦门大嶝岛潮间带底栖微藻叶绿素荧光对温度和光照变化的响应

采用PAM叶绿素荧光技术,于2013年5月在厦门大嶝岛潮间带,对不同底质类型（泥质、泥砂质和砂质）底栖微藻的光合作用特征进行了初步研究.结果显示：底栖微藻的光合系统II最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）呈泥质（0.33）〉泥砂质（0.28）〉砂质（0.01）;底栖微藻叶绿素a含量亦呈上述变化趋势.不同温度（15-35℃）和不同光照透射率（0-100%）的短期（0.5-2.0 h）培养实验表明,底栖微藻光合作用的最适温度（27℃左右）接近于环境温度,体现了其对生长环境的适应;过高的温度（35℃及以上）会抑制光合作用活性,进而限制其生长;此外,光照实验表明底栖微藻可通过自身的运动和变化来适应光照强度的变化,不同底质类型可能存在不同的光适应策略.     

Coupling the terrestrial hydrology model with biogeochemistry to the integrated LAND surface model: Amazon Basin applications

ABSTRACT

We coupled the hydrologic routing and flood dynamics model Terrestrial Hydrology Model with Biogeochemistry (THMB) to the Integrated LAND Surface Model (INLAND) and compared simulations of the discharge and flood extent area against gauge station and satellite-based information in the Amazon Basin. The coupled model represents well the seasonality of the flooding and discharge, but underestimates both of them. This can be related to an already discussed underestimate of the precipitation in the east of the Andes Mountains. A photosynthesis limitation on the flooded area was also included, showing changes in plant productivity and reduction in vegetation carbon stocks. Despite its limitations, the model proves to be a valuable tool for studies of the hydrological cycle and flood dynamics response to climate change projections, allowing it to be used to represent the feedbacks between continental surface water cycle and vegetation.     

海水水淹下海滨木槿和蜡杨梅幼苗叶片的光合作用及其影响因子研究

滩涂消浪林是中国沿海防护林体系的前沿阵地,在防浪促淤、保岸护堤和防御海洋自然灾害等方面具有重要的作用.以中亚热带泥质海岸的两种消浪树种海滨木槿(Hibiscus hamabo)和蜡杨梅(Myrica cerifera)一年生幼苗为实验材料,根据半日潮滩涂的淹水时间和淹水深度,设计5种实验处理,即在每个半日潮中,两个树种的平均淹水时间和淹水深度分别为lh和15 cm(处理1)、2h和25 cm(处理2)、3h和35 cm(处理3)、4h和45 cm (处理4)以及无水淹的对照处理(用淡水正常浇灌).在模拟海水水淹胁迫下的70d中,研究两树种幼苗向阳面叶片的光合作用日变化及其与叶片其他生理生态因子的关系,揭示其主要影响因子.结果表明,各处理下,海滨木槿幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化(6:00～18:00)曲线为单峰曲线;在水深较浅、时间较短的水淹处理下,海滨木槿幼苗叶片Pn主要受光合有效辐射(PAR)影响,在水深较深、时间较长的水淹处理下,则主要受叶片气孔导度(G)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的影响;在水淹初、中期,蜡杨梅幼苗叶片Pn日变化曲线为双峰曲线,但在水淹后期,其为单峰曲线;在水深较浅、时间较短的水淹处理下,蜡杨梅幼苗叶片Pn主要受PAR和Gs影响,而在水深较深、时间较长的水淹处理下,其主要受Ci和饱和水蒸汽压亏缺影响.     

EPS颗粒混合轻质土反复荷载下变形和阻尼特性

通过反复荷载三轴剪切试验研究了EPS颗粒混合轻质土在反复荷载下的变形和阻尼特性,分析了不同围压、不同水泥掺入比及不同土质条件下轴向累积应变、回弹模量及阻尼比随轴向总应变的变化规律。结果表明：轴向累积应变与轴向总应变呈线性关系,与轴向总应变的比值较大,且在不同条件下基本不变;回弹模量随围压和水泥掺入比的增大而增大。在一定的围压和水泥掺入比下,当应变小于8%时,砂土EPS颗粒混合轻质土的回弹模量大于淤泥质土EPS颗粒混合轻质土的回弹模量;当应变大于8%时,情况相反。回弹模量与轴向总应变的关系曲线可用递减的幂函数来拟合;EPS颗粒混合轻质土的阻尼比随轴向总应变的增大而增大,随围压和水泥掺入比的增大而减小,砂土EPS颗粒混合轻质土的阻尼比小于淤泥质土EPS颗粒混合轻质土的阻尼比,但以上变化和差别都非常小,阻尼比基本保持为一常数。     

植被大气间能量储存分项对能量闭合率的影响分析

植被大气间能量储存分项对能量闭合的影响在地表能量平衡研究中有重要意义。以张掖市盈科灌区玉米农田为研究区,在采用TDEC（Thermal Diffusion Equation+Correction）方法修正土壤热通量的基础上,分析了植被大气间能量储存分项对能量闭合率的影响。结果表明：能量储存分项对于能量闭合率具有一定的提升作用,平均提升幅度约为5.18%。能量储存分项对能量闭合率的影响与有效能量（R_n-G）相关。各能量储存分项对能量闭合率的贡献从大到小依次为：光合作用 >植被冠层热储存 >空气热储存 >空气湿度变化≈露水焓变,其中后两项量级极小,可在相关研究中忽略。量级较大的前三项能量分项具有明显的单峰日变化趋势,其中光合作用项相对另两分项在时间上有所滞后。此外,不同天气条件下（如有云和无云）能量储存分项对于能量闭合率的影响不同,有云时其影响相对较大。