2004年8月23日曲靖市突发性强降水成因浅析

2004年8月23日在曲靖市境内出现了局地大暴雨的罕见强降水天气过程,出现了30年以来最大日雨量。利用micaps常规资料和GOES-9卫星云图对这次暴雨过程进行分析,结果表明,高空副热带高压变化和低空切变线共同影响是造成这次强降水的主要原因。来自副热带高压外围的西南气流为暴雨输送了丰富的水汽,切变线南移为暴雨提供了有利的动力条件。暴雨区与垂直速度及涡度所表现的上升区对应,并伴有高能高湿条件。同时,卫星云图上有中尺度云团,由于切变线南压作用,使得暖湿不稳定气流辐合上升加强,促进了中尺度云团的旺盛发展,使得强降水短时内迅速发生。研究这次局地强降水天气的机制,找到一些突发性强降水的预报着眼点具有明显的分析诊断意义。     

500 hPa高度场的信号场突变与我国暴雨的发生规律性研究

作者在500hPa高度信号场与我国暴雨发生的规律研究基础上,进一步寻找高度信号场能显示与暴雨的突变现象有关的异常信号出现的地区和描述指标.发现异常信号出现的地区大致可分为三个区域:我国境外西部、我国内陆地区和我国境外东部,可以反映区域信号场的主要特征,并由此形成信号场指标.研究表明,利用致洪暴雨发生日的前期信号场指标序列,其累积距平和逐日滑动平均值与我国暴雨出现有密切关系.对我国年度暴雨短期预报分析有一定的参考价值,可以作为传统天气动力诊断与预测的补充工具.     

过去气候演化的阶段性和突变

地球系统的历史信息是评估全球变化的一项重要因素。前些年，过去气候研究中发现了气候的突然变化的现象，突变证据大多出现在冰期，或由冰期向间冰期的过渡时期，并认为这是冰盖的成冰与溶解过程造成海水铅直运动的结果。近些年，过去气候研究还发现在间冰期中也出现突变。我国的历史文献、冰芯和沉积的高分辨率的古气候恢复工作发现近２０００年来中国气候明显存在着突变事件。因此，这给我们带来了新的问题，即间冰期气候的稳定性问题。如果气候突变的证据增多，那意味着气候系统很可能按两种方式运行     

子波变换在全球气候多时间尺度变化分析中的应用

用墨西哥帽子波变换分析南，北半球及全球气候变化的多时间尺度结构，突变点，结果表明，气候变化在不同时尺度下具有不同的冷结构和突变点，南、北半球气候变化有较大差异。说明子波变换方法是气候变化研究的有力工具。     

The elastic properties of the lithosphere beneath Scotian basin

To assess the possibility that the North Atlantic Ocean may subduct at Scotian basin east of Canada, we investigate the present compensation state of this deep basin. A Fourier domain analysis of the bathymetry, depth to basement and observed gravity anomalies over the oceanic area east of Nova Scotia indicates that the basin is not isostatically compensated. Moreover, the analysis emphasizes that in addition to the sediments, density perturbations exist beneath the basin. The load produced by the sediments and these density perturbations must have been supported by the lithosphere. We simulate the flexure of the lithosphere under this load by that of a thin elastic plate overlying an inviscid interior. It is shown that a plate with a uniform rigidity does not adequately represent the lithosphere beneath the basin as well as the oceanic lithosphere far from the basin, rather the rigidity of the lithosphere directly beneath the basin is about one to two orders of magnitude smaller than elsewhere. We relate this weakening to the thermal blanketing effects of the thick sediments and the fact that the lithosphere has a temperature-dependent rheology. We suggest that this weak zone would have a controlling effect on the reactivation of normal faults at the hinge zone of the basin, that were formed during the break-up of Africa and North America and were locked in the early stages after the break-up. The weak zone would facilitate reactivation of the faults if tensional stresses were produced by possible reorientation of the spreading direction of the North Atlantic Ocean in the future. The reactivation of the faults would create a free boundary condition at the hinge zone, allowing further bending of the lithosphere beneath the basin and juxtaposition of this lithosphere to the mantle beneath the continent. This may provide a favorable situation for initiation of slow subduction due to subsequent compressional forces.     

云南省五月雨量转折突变的研究

本文应用时间序列转折突点的检测方法，对云南省18个代表站1951年至1999年5月雨量的年际和年代际转折突变进行了初步研究，结果表明，云南5月降水不存在明显的年际转折突变，但存在明显的年代际转折突变；云南大部分地区5月雨量在50年代发生了少雨转折突变，60年代发生了多雨转折突变，70年代发生了少雨转折突变；80年代以后云南大部分地区5月雨量又发生一次多雨转折突变。     

High-frequency climatic oscillations recorded in a Holocene coral reef at Leizhou Peninsula, South China Sea

A detailed study of the Goniopora reef profile at Dengloujiao, Xuwen County, Leizhou Peninsula, the northern coast of the South China Sea suggests that a series of high-frequency, large-amplitude and abrupt cold events occurred during the Holocene Hypsithermal, an unusual phenomenon termed “Leizhou Events” in this paper. This period (corresponding to ¹⁴C age of 6.2-6.7 kaBP or calendar age of 6.7-7.2 kaBP), when the climatic conditions were ideal for coral reefs to develop, can be divided into at least nine stages. Each stage (or called a “climate optimum”), lasting about 20 to 50 a, was terminated by an abrupt cold nap and (or) a sea-level lowering event in winter, leading to widespread emergence and death of the Goniopora corals, and growth discontinuities on the coral surface. Such a cyclic process resulted in the creation of a >4m thick Goniopora reef flat. During this period, the crust subsided periodically but the sea level was rising. The reef profile provides valuable archives for the study of decadal-scale mid-Holocene climatic oscillations in the tropical area of South China. Our results provide new evidence for high-frequency climate instability in the Holocene Hypsithermal, and challenge the traditional understanding of Holocene climate.     

Plastic mechanism of deformation of garnet-- Water weakening

The strongly deformed eclogites are well developed in ultra-high pressure jadeite-quartzite zone of the Dabie Mountains, Eastern China, and garnets had been deformed strongly. Observations by transmission electron microscopy identified not only structure of plastic deformation occurring as free dislocation, dislocation loops and dislocation walls, but also clusters of water molecules present in the deformed garnet. Using infrared spectroscopy, two types of hydrous components are identified as the hydroxyl and free-water in the garnet. Based on analysis of microstructure mechanism of deformation in garnets, and experimental data of petrology, the clusters of water molecules were considered to lead strong plastic deformation of garnet by dislocations because of mechanical weakening.     

滑动平均差检测法的提出及验证

时间序列突变点的检测研究是当前气候变化问题的关键环节,其方法和成果也较多,传统的检测方法因统计量结构不合理、假设条件不符合实际以及受主观因素影响等,结果常常缺乏可信度。本文提出一种新的时间序列突变点的检测方法——滑动平均差检测法,将该方法分别用理想时间序列和实际观测序列进行应用检验,并与现有常用的4种突变检验方法比较,发现滑动平均差法具有：① 结构简单、物理意义明确;② 检测突变点更精确;③ 能同时检测出所有突变点的突变位置和其突变强度3个明显的优势。综合利用滑动平均差检测法和传统的4种方法,对黄河流域几个重点水文控制站实测输沙量资料进行突变分析,结果表明：黄河上游输沙量在1986年发生突变,黄河中游输沙量在1979年和1996年发生突变,华县站和潼关站输沙量在1979年、1996年和2003年发生突变,造成输沙量突变的主要因素为水利工程建设和大规模水土保持措施等人类活动。     

1960-2012年鄱阳湖流域旱涝急转事件时空演变特征

基于鄱阳湖流域五河7个主要入湖控制站19602012年的实测径流资料,通过短周期旱涝急转指数,结合TFPW-MK趋势检验法及集合经验模态分解法,分析了鄱阳湖流域旱涝急转事件的时空分布、演变趋势、强度及周期变化等,并探讨了旱涝急转指数的不确定性及旱涝急转事件的成因.结果表明:鄱阳湖流域旱涝急转事件主要分布在310月,其中36月主要表现为“旱转涝”,710月主要表现为“涝转旱”,且不同年代间存在一定的时空差异;五河以轻度旱涝急转事件为主,重度旱涝急转事件发生频率较低,主要发生在抚河、信江和饶河流域,且多以“涝转旱”事件为主;在年代际上,鄱阳湖流域旱涝急转事件在1990s发生的频率最高,在2000s最低.同时,除饶河外,鄱阳湖流域年最强“涝转旱”事件的发生强度呈减弱趋势,而年最强“旱转涝”事件的发生强度在赣江和修水北支有减弱趋势,在饶河和修水南支有增强趋势.五河旱涝急转的变化存在2个特征时间尺度,分别为1 a和21~35 a,而年最强旱涝急转事件的发生强度具有3 a左右的周期变化特征.这些变化与流域降水的不均匀性及强烈的人类活动等有关.本研究结果有助于全面系统认识鄱阳湖流域在全球变暖背景下极端水文事件的发生机制和变化规律,可为鄱阳湖区防汛抗旱减灾提供重要的科学依据.