全新世千百年尺度气候波动机制

全新世（11. 7 ka BP）作为最年轻的地质年代,其气候变化相对晚更新世冰期稳定,但仍存在千百年尺度的气候波动。造成这些气候波动的可能有多种原因,但至今还没有统一的认识。这一时期的气候变化与人类发展有密切的关系,因此其短尺度的气候变化越来越受到学界的关注,已经开展了大量的研究。通过对文献资料分析,综述了全新世千百年尺度的气候突变的原因。全新世早期温度普遍升高主要与太阳活动变化有关,期间冰盖消融与海洋环流作用引起百年尺度的气候事件。全新世中期气温最高,但也发现多次干冷气候事件,主要为冰川活动导致。全新世晚期温度降低,主要是以火山活动导致的气候变冷。其他因素如地球轨道参数、潮汐作用、冰川作用、海洋环流等在全新世各个时期对气候造成影响。     

新疆博州地区降水量、降水日的时空变化

根据1961--2005年新疆博州4站逐日降水资料,用气候趋势系数及Monte Carlo检验、t检验研究了降水量与降水日的长期变化趋势与突变时间。结果表明：（1）博州地区年与冬季降水量均在1977年前后突变增加,夏季降水量均在1998年前后增加,大部分地区年与冬夏降水量的长期增加趋势达到0．05以上的显著性水平。（2）年降水量的增加主要是由日降水量≥0．1mm的降水日数增加造成的,其次是不同区域不同季节日降水量≥0．1mm的日平均降水量强度的增加。（3）年与冬季日降水量≥0．1mm的降水日数约在1975年前后突变增加,45a里增加了7～8d。（4）0．0mm的降水日除精河外,其余地区均在1975年前后突变减少,阿拉山口减少最多,约10．5d,其余减少3～5d。其中,秋、冬季大范围在1975年前后突变减少。（5）博河上游地区年与冬夏日平均降水强度均出现了显著的突增现象。（6）夏季日平均降水强度除精河外,其余也均在1998年前后有一次显著的突增。     

南疆盆地1 96 1—2005年气温变化特征

通过对新疆南疆盆地近45a气温变化特征分析,发现南疆盆地年平均气温在1989年开始发生暖突变。从1980年代末夜间温度开始异常升高,白天温度也随之升高,从而导致南疆盆地整体温度异常暖突变。最高、最低气温和气温日较差的变化具有明显的季节差异。在各个季节中,秋季和冬季温度的异常偏暖对年平均温度异常暖突变的贡献最大。在各种温度升高过程中,升温幅度最大的是最低气温,而最高气温的升温幅度远小于最低气温,从而日较差表现为减小的趋势。     

“7·18”济南突发性大暴雨特征

运用FY-2号气象卫星资料、NCEP再分析资料、常规资料以及自动站加密观测资料,对2007年7月18日济南市突发性大暴雨天气过程的形成发展进行了综合分析。结果显示:这次大暴雨发生在大气层结十分不稳定和高、低空急流耦合的有利大尺度环流背景下,由强烈发展的中尺度对流云团直接造成,具有明显的中尺度特征。低层冷空气南侵,触发了具有高不稳定能量的对流发展;低空强劲的西南急流直抵黄河下游一带,不仅与南下的冷空气形成强烈辐合,还将大量水汽和能量输送到该地区,使降水得以加强。     

东亚夏季风环流和雨带的季节内变化

基于常规气象要素资料及变差度方法, 分析了东亚夏季风环流的演变特征, 发现东亚地区在夏季期间存在两次明显的次季节突变, 主要表现为西太平洋副热带高压 (副高) 的两次东退北跳, 第一次是在6月中旬, 第二次是在7月下旬。由于副高与雨带密切相关, 雨带在演进过程中也呈现出两次明显的突跳, 分别对应于江淮流域至日本一带梅雨期以及中国华北和东北雨季的开始。较第一次北跳而言, 副高的第二次北跳更为明显。副高的第一次北跳主要受南海地区对流活动加强的影响, 而第二次北跳则是暖池对流活动与高纬地区环流共同作用的结果。暖池地区向东北方向传播的Rossby波列以及高纬地区东传的Rossby波通过锁相作用使得副高强烈北跳。此外, 副高与其西部边缘凝结潜热的相互作用导致副高发生季节内的低频振荡。 风场变差度的分析表明, 高纬地区对流层中低层环流的调整随着夏季季节进程逐渐减弱, 这与中高纬地区温差的变化有关。而高纬地区高层环流的调整在夏季后半期随着高度的增加却逐渐增强, 这与高层环流从夏到冬的季节变化有关。从风场相似度的变化上还可以看到, 副高第二次北跳后东亚地区呈现出明显不同的环流状态。 南半球环流对于南海及暖池地区对流活动的增强有重要影响。6月中旬, 南海与暖池地区对流活动的增强是由于南海西边界西风加强并向东扩展造成的, 这与马斯克林高压 (马高) 的加强密切相关。而在7月中旬, 澳大利亚高压 (澳高) 的增强使其东北部的越赤道气流加强, 南半球大量冷空气侵入到暖池地区, 加强了暖池地区的不稳定性以及低层的辐合, 从而使暖池地区的对流活动增强。但在夏季前半期, 暖池对流活动也可调制澳高强度与其东北部越赤道气流强弱的关系, 使得二者呈现出相反的变化趋势。南半球冬季期间, 澳高在振荡中减弱, 这与澳洲大陆下垫面温度及上游马高的能量频散有关, 前者影响澳高的变化趋势 (减弱), 而后者影响澳高的低频振荡。     

末次盛冰期北美风成环境变化及其在全球气候突变事件中的意义

本文用末次冰期北美大冰盖南缘的风尘堆积记录来重建末次盛冰期的亚极地环境变化.磁化率、有机碳含量和潜育化程度的资料表明,末次盛冰期的前期(约21000～15000aB P.)植被覆盖较差,而后期(15000～10000aB.P.)植被覆盖较好,15 000aB.P.环境发生了急剧的变化,磁化率曲线显示了大约1000a的氧化-还原周期.这种大约1000a的环境变化周期很可能由低纬地区的海洋和大气的扰动所驱动,这种扰动的能量通过北美大冰盖及时地传递到北大西洋.     

Abrupt changes in an 8000-year precipitation reconstruction for Nevada, the Western USA

A scanning t-test algorithm for detecting multiple time-scale abrupt changes in the level of a time-series was used to analyze an 8000 year time series of annual precipitation which was reconstructed from tree rings for the Nevada Climate Division 3 in the western USA. The tree ring samples were gathered from eight states in the southwestern USA. Twenty-two change-points were identified by the algorithm and these were used to partition the tree-ring series into twenty-three relatively Wet/Normal/Dry episodes. These twenty-three episodes were collaborated by a coherency analysis of abrupt changes between the precipitation reconstruction series and the TIC/δ18O records from cored sediments of Pyramid Lake in Nevada, and by comparison with published results from related studies. These episodes were also compared with studies of the global climate change and with records of climate change in China during the same periods. The results suggest that the precipitation reconstruction series is quite valuable for climate-change research on multi-centurial time-scales in the western USA, and that the scanning t-test and coherency detection algorithms may have a wide use for detecting multiple time-scale abrupt changes in a long time series.As the TIC and δ18O record series are high resolution with unequal sampling intervals ranging between 3 and 14 years, a new algorithm was developed to deal with the unequal time intervals in the series.     

Localized rheological weakening by grain-size reduction during lithospheric extension

Grain-size reduction may be a possible mechanism for the origin of localized deformation in the ductile regime. I investigated the effects of grain-size reduction due to dynamic recrystallization, cataclasis, and syntectonic metamorphic reaction on the stress envelope in the lithospheric mantle during extension by using a simple one-dimensional model. In this model, the lithosphere extends uniformly with a constant strain rate, and a fall in rock strength appears as a decrease in stress. Because grain-size distribution at the onset of extension is unknown, I regarded the steady state grain-size due to dynamic recrystallization as the initial size. Then, I evaluated the maximum effects of grain-size reduction by dynamic recrystallization during extension, and consequently examined the effects of grain-size reduction by cataclasis and metamorphic reaction under conditions when dynamic recrystallization occurs significantly. I find that it is difficult to bring about localized rheological weakening by grain-size reduction owing to dynamic recrystallization. In contrast, grain-size reduction by cataclasis can cause localized weakening during extension. There is a wide-ranging rate of grain-size reduction by means of cataclasis that causes localized weakening just below the Moho. I specified the reaction from spinel-lherzolite to plagioclase-lherzolite that plays a role in grain-size reduction by syntectonic metamorphism. The reaction occurs at depths less than 35 km, which is independent of the initial thermal state of the lithosphere. Localized rheological weakening can occur if the following conditions are satisfied: (1) grain-size before the reaction is greater than 0.7 mm under dry conditions and greater than 0.5 mm under wet conditions, and it decreases down to those values by the reaction; (2) grain-size decreases down to less than initial grain-size, when the dominant deformation mechanism is GSS creep at the onset of extension. It is also noted that dry conditions are more favourable for localized weakening.     

沙窝子高边坡工程地质问题分析及防治设计

沙窝子高边坡位于国道317、213都江堰至汶川公路新建路段，通过对其工程地质条件(地形地貌、岩性、构造及水文地质条件等)的研究，将其划分为滑坡变形区、不稳定区、飞石区、较稳定区、崩积堆积区及稳定区6个分区，着重分析了对公路危害影响较大的滑坡区与飞石区，并针对性地给出清除滑体物质、削坡、喷锚支护、设置SNS被动防护网及坡面保护等工程治理措施。对同类型高边坡的治理有一定的参考价值。