基于数值模拟的强震区典型泥石流堵江模式分析

受512汶川强震影响,大量崩滑体出现在震中岷江流域,伴随极端降雨天气它们逐步转化为泥石流灾害。2011年7月3日,受强降雨影响震中附近高家沟暴发泥石流,完全摧毁沟口地物,并且部分堵塞岷江,严重威胁高速公路隧道入口及国道。为了减少强震区泥石流堵江带来的损失,本文选取强震区岷江流域高家沟泥石流作为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法,模拟不同降雨强度下（5a、20年、50a、100年）高家沟泥石流的运动特征,进而分析其不同程度的堵江模式。经过野外验证2011a73高家沟泥石流数值模拟精度可达81.4%,模拟结果表明,高家沟泥石流5年一遇降雨条件下没有松散堆积物冲出,20年一遇降雨条件下虽有部分松散堆积物进入岷江但未形成堵江,50年一遇降雨条件下则出现部分堵断岷江现象,100年一遇降雨条件下则完全堵塞岷江。该研究结果将为今后强震区泥石流堵江判识及监测预警提供科学依据。     

干旱区内陆河流域水文与水资源问题

阐述了我国水文水资源研究的发展阶段,面临的主要问题,以及当前研究中的热点问题。以新疆地区为例,对干旱区内陆河流域的水文水资源研究方向作了初步探讨。     

黄河流域水循环演变若干问题的研究

从若干方面的研究结果揭示了黄河流域水循环发生的巨大变化.水循环是水资源科学评价与合理开发利用的基本依据.水循环主要要素的变化取决于气候条件的变化与人类活动的影响.对前者宜采用适应性对策,在研究气候变化的基础上,分析水循环变动的规律并预测其趋势,制定相应的适应性措施;对于后者则应加强水资源开发利用的科学管理,以维持流域天然水资源的可更新(可再生)性.     

Pediment response to drainage basin evolution in south-central Arizona

The Sonoran Desert portion of the Basin and Range physiographic province contains a number of streams that now flow across once-closed basins. We explore here the research questions of if and how granitic rock pediments respond to the transition from rimming endorheic basins to bordering through-flowing streams. Granitic rock pediments of the northern Usery and eastern McDowell Mountains once graded to the closed Miocene–Pliocene Pemberton basin that occupied the present-day location of the confluence of the Salt and Verde Rivers. The process of lake overflow, which integrated these rivers, first aggraded fill terraces that, in turn, caused aggradation of a mantle of transported grus on bedrock pediments. Subsequent episodic incision of the Salt and Verde rivers lowered the base level; this led to the development of erosional features such as rolling topography of a degrading pediment mantle; exposure of the former piedmont angle and its associated zones of enhanced bedrock decay and regolith carbonate; and exposure of spheroidally weathered bedrock and emerging tors, some of which experienced 20^th century erosion. The granitic pediments of the former Pemberton Basin, which now transport grus to the Salt and Verde rivers, have actively adjusted to aggradational and degradational events associated with drainage integration and do not appear to be inherited from an ancient wet climatic interval.     

Trace elements in medium-temperature (40–80 °C) thermal waters from the Mura basin (North-Eastern Slovenia)

Medium-temperature thermal waters in the Mura basin occur in hydrogeological systems different in age, burial depth, temperature, porosity and permeability, and the presence of free carbon dioxide which penetrates through the fractures from pre-Tertiary basement. The waters commonly belong to sodium-bicarbonate hydrogeochemical facies, but may have significantly different amounts of total dissolved solids, including trace elements. Thermal waters occurring in low-permeable, well-compacted and moderately fractured Tertiary sediments older than Upper Pliocene are the richest in trace elements, although their abundance may be very variable from one aquifer to another. The ratios of major alkaline and alkaline earth elements (Na, K, Ca) and trace elements (Li, Rb, Cs, Ba, Sr) commonly show relative enrichment in highly mineralised waters with respect to the waters with lower mineralisation. Rare earth elements (REEs) and Y show only minor fractionation in the highly mineralised waters, whereas in the waters with lower mineralisation strong fractionation of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) over light rare earth elements (LREEs) occurs, along with a pronounced positive europium anomaly. Positive Th/U ratios are commonly observed, although both actinide elements occur in the range of some hundredths of ppb to some ppb. Trace elements were particularly useful in the study of well cycling in two hydraulically interconnected geothermal wells in the town of Murska Sobota, which produce a mixture of low- and high-mineralised waters.     

走廊南山河流纵剖面高海拔裂点的成因

河流水力侵蚀物理模型表明基岩河道纵剖面在均衡状态时表现为平滑上凹的形态,其特征反映了构造、基岩抗侵蚀能力和气候的作用;然而自然界河道纵剖面多呈现以裂点为特征的不均衡形态,不均衡的剖面形态以及裂点的研究同样可以对外力作用的变化起到很好的指示作用。位于北祁连的走廊南山高海拔河道纵剖面普遍呈现不均衡形式且发育海拔较高的裂点。通过对裂点成因分析发现,这些裂点并不主要受控于岩性、气候、构造等因素,而反映了冰川作用遗留地形与河流地形的分界。这一结果说明在对河道纵剖面高海拔裂点进行分析时要考虑到古冰川遗留地形也会对现代河道纵剖面产生重要影响,为进一步认识和理解造山带地貌演化以及控制因素提供了思路。     

等温剩磁各向异性及其在磁倾角校正中的应用

等温剩磁各向异性是一种新的磁组构研究方法 .与非滞后剩磁各向异性的参数一样 ,等温剩磁各向异性的参数直接与岩石中的携磁矿物颗粒形状有关 ,它直接反映了岩石形成与压实作用下携磁矿物的变形和变位 .利用等温剩磁各向异性技术 ,有可能对磁倾角偏低进行有效的校正 .本文介绍了等温剩磁各向异性及其在磁倾角校正中的应用 ,并以塔里木盆地库车拗陷的苏维依组红色砂岩的实验为实例 ,获得磁倾角校正值 ,与理想的欧亚板块磁倾角值十分吻合     

基于复合方法的天水盆地宽频带地震动模拟

本文采用有限差分和随机振动合成结合的复合方法,模拟了当礼县—罗家堡断裂发生矩震级Mw7.7级大地震时,在天水盆地产生的宽频带地震动场,分析了在设定地震条件下盆地内的地震动分布特征,为该区黄土地震滑坡分析提供了地震动参数结果。结果显示:(1)有限差分法和随机振动合成法可以很好地互补,得到盆地内地表宽频带地震动;(2)地震在盆地区域产生了强烈地震动,PGA(峰值加速度)介于150~900 gal,离断层较近的区域东南角的PGA最大,随着断层距的增加,PGA逐渐减小。河谷南侧的PGA值相比北侧较大,具备诱发滑坡的强大动力条件;(3)盆地区域PGV(峰值速度)最大为120 cm/s。受第四系覆盖层放大效应和地形放大效应共同影响,水平向地震动在盆地区域东侧和中部具有较大PGV,而西侧PGV相对较小。竖向地震动在盆地区域东侧较弱,而在中部和西侧较强,特别是最西侧陡峭的山坡上,PGV达到了最大值。此外,竖向地震动明显受到覆盖层厚度的影响,譬如在盆地区域南侧的中间部位,也具有较大的PGV。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部深部煤层气井压裂工艺及实践

鄂尔多斯盆地东部深部煤层气（埋深大于1 200 m）资源丰富,是下步煤层气勘探、开发的重点。与浅部煤层压裂相比,深部煤层压裂存在诸多挑战（地应力、闭合应力、破裂压力高,岩石力学参数复杂等）。通过对比现有煤层压裂工艺,以鄂尔多斯盆地东部深部煤层（埋深约2 000 m）为例,探索了采用油管+循环滑套+封隔器+喇叭口施工管柱和低浓度线性胶压裂液体系对深部煤层进行压裂作业,施工比较顺利,见气快,产气效果比较理想（产气量大于800 m³/d）。通过2口井的现场作业实践,证明了该工艺技术简单、易行、有效,为后续深部煤层气的勘探开发提供可借鉴的工艺技术。     

石羊河流域水质环境遥感监测评价研究

利用遥感技术对流域水质环境的监测评价,可实现全流域水质的同步监测,其监测结果具有可比性。以石羊河流域为实验区,研究了一种基于遥感技术的河流水质环境监测与评价方法,该方法克服了传统监测方法的局限性,完善了表面水质遥感信息获取的基础方法研究体系。