Rationalizing tax increment financing in Chicago

A central problem in planning is how planners can be both technical experts and political actors sensitive to the moral consequences of planning. Rationality refers to the reasons for choosing a means to achieve an end; a rationality that considers the morality of means and ends is value rationality, and one that does not is instrumental rationality. Through the case of using Tax Increment Financing (TIF) to subsidize corporate headquarters relocation in Chicago, I follow City follows planners’ struggle with TIF policy and their engagement with instrumental and value rationality within a state that exercised an entrepreneurial planning strategy. This position meant that planners were constrained from acting value-rationally to consider and then take action on questions about the moral content of TIF projects. Nonetheless, planning staff developed an instrumentally-rational planning and policy exercise, which they performed as a way to channel their value-rational concerns about the assumption that every economic development project is an unambiguously valuable goal.     

The effect of temperature and salinity on survival and growth of Crangon uritai (Decapoda: Crangonidae) larvae reared in the laboratory

Larvae of the decapod Crangon uritai were reared in the laboratory in a factorial experiment employing three temperatures (9, 12 and 15 °C) and three salinities (29‰, 32‰ and 35‰) from hatching to the post‐larval stage. The effects of temperature and salinity on survival, intermolt period (IP) and molt increment (MI) were investigated. Larvae from one brood were subdivided into groups of 20 and reared in glass bowls containing filtered sea‐water at a number of temperature–salinity combinations. The reared larvae were transferred daily to the clean bowls prepared with newly hatched Artemianauplii, and number of molts and mortality within each bowl were recorded. The zoeal size (carapace length) was determined from exuvia and dead larvae, and the IP was also recorded. Larvae of C. uritai completed larval development only at 15 °C temperature. The first zoeal stage completed their development at all temperature–salinity combinations and exhibited the highest survival rate. IP at each stage increased with increasing size and greatly decreased with increasing temperature, and intermolt duration (range of days) increased with larval development especially at the lower temperature. Although the MI decreased with increasing size, it was little affected by temperature. This led to a better growth rate with increasing temperature.     

一种目标快照差结合缓冲区分析的地形图面状要素变化检测方法

地形图变化检测一直是地理信息更新保持地形图现势性的难点之一。针对地形图面状要素的变化检测问题,在分析了目前常用的面状要素变化检测方法优缺点的基础上,提出一种基于目标快照差和缓冲区分析的地形图面状要素变化检测方法。该方法首先对配准后的地形图面状要素建立缓冲区;然后对于部分落在缓冲区、完全不在缓冲区的影像面状要素,计算其目标快照差;最后依据目标快照差的三元组值判定地物变化类型。实验结果表明,该方法不但能够有效地检测变化地物,而且能够明确给出地物的变化类型,降低了虚检率,检测精度较高。     

基于土壤湿度和年际增量方法的我国夏季降水预测试验

选取欧亚大陆9个关键区的土壤湿度年际增量作为预测因子,采用变形的典型相关分析(BP-CCA)结合集合典型相关分析(ECC)方法建立集合预测模型,对我国东部夏季降水的年际增量进行预测,进而预测夏季降水。其中,1980~2004年的资料用于历史预测试验,而2005~2014年的资料用于独立样本预测试验。首先利用BP-CCA方法对9个因子分别建立单因子预测模型,然后采用ECC方法对9个预测因子按照不同的组合方式建立集合预测模型,并且对独立样本检验的效果进行了评估。结果表明,不同预测因子的组合对我国夏季降水均表现出一定的预测能力:东欧平原、贝加尔湖以北、我国河套地区及长江以南地区的土壤湿度对华北夏季降水预测效果较好;而巴尔喀什湖以北地区、我国西北地区、河套地区以及长江以南地区的土壤湿度对江淮夏季降水有较好预测效果;东欧平原、巴尔喀什湖以北地区以及我国河套地区的土壤湿度对华南降水预测技巧较高。这三组模型预测出的降水变化趋势与相应区域的观测结果较为一致,且预测评分(PS)均超过70分,距平相关系数(ACC)均为正值。研究表明土壤湿度因子中包含了对我国夏季降水有用的预测信号,可以考虑将土壤湿度应用于夏季降水的预测业务中。     

Stabilization procedures in coupled poromechanics problems: A critical assessment

Numerical solutions for problems in coupled poromechanics suffer from spurious pressure oscillations when small time increments are used. This has prompted many researchers to develop methods to overcome these oscillations. In this paper, we present an overview of the methods that in our view are most promising. In particular we investigate several stabilized procedures, namely the fluid pressure Laplacian stabilization (FPL), a stabilization that uses bubble functions to resolve the fine‐scale solution within elements, and a method derived by using finite increment calculus (FIC). On a simple one‐dimensional test problem, we investigate stability of the three methods and show that the approach using bubble functions does not remove oscillations for all time step sizes. On the other hand, the analysis reveals that FIC stabilizes the pressure for all time step sizes, and it leads to a definition of the stabilization parameter in the case of the FPL‐stabilization. Numerical tests in one and two dimensions on 4‐noded bilinear and linear triangular elements confirm the effectiveness of both the FPL‐ and the FIC‐stabilizations schemes for linear and nonlinear problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

含不同半径孔洞的颗粒体模型的力学行为数值模拟

本文通过编程建立了非连续介质(颗粒体材料)模型,采用FLAC软件模拟了静水压力条件下不同半径的巷道围岩中的剪切应变增量、最小主应力及最大主应力的分布规律。研究表明,随着孔洞半径的增大,呈圆环形的剪切应变增量与最小主应力的高值区的圈数、呈辐射状的最大主应力的高值区的延伸范围及剪切应变增量的最大值都呈先慢后快的增长趋势。模型中最大的拉应力接近于在模型四周所施加的压应力,而最大的压应力约为所施加的压应力的5～10倍。模型内部的剪切应变增量、最小主应力及最大主应力的分布是高度不均匀的。具有较高的差应力的位置与具有较高的剪切应变增量的位置具有很好的一致性。     

导航电子地图数据增量更新研究

随着经济建设的快速发展,人们出行对地图的需求越来越大,特别是导航电子地图得到了广泛应用,随之而来的就是导航地图数据的定位精度和现势性问题,而动态增量更新是解决地图现势性的唯一途径,但是长期以来受终端硬件性能瓶颈的影响,进展不大,而当前随着微电子技术的迅猛发展,导航终端硬件设备的处理运算和存储能力的提高,导航仪硬件设备成...     

导航电子地图数据增量更新研究

随着经济建设的快速发展,人们出行对地图的需求越来越大．特别是导航电子地图得到了广泛应用,随之而来的就是导航地图数据的定位精度和现势性问题．而动态增蜮更新是解决地图现势性的唯一途径。但是长期以来受终端硬件性能瓶颈的影响。进展不大．而当前随着微电子技术的迅猛发展,导航终端硬件设备的处理运算和存储能力的提高,导航仪硬件设备成本下降．为实现导航电子地图动态增鳋更新提供了可能．本文就导航电子地图数据更新模式进行探讨。     

高斯过程下的部分和不等式

主要讨论高斯平稳过程增量的一个结果.综合考虑高斯过程在区间[0,h]上一个线性组合后,重新改写了尾概率不等式,推广了现有结果.     

A Seasonal Prediction Model for the Summer Rainfall in Northeast China Using the Year-To-Year Increment Approach

Using the year-to-year increment approach, this study investigated the relationship of selected climatic elements with the increment time series of the summer rainfall between successive years in Northeast China, including the soil moisture content, sea surface temperature, 500 hPa geopotential height, and sea level pressure in the preceding spring for the period 1981–2008. Two spring predictors were used to construct the seasonal prediction model: the area mean soil moisture content in Northwest Eurasia and the 500 hPa geopotential height over Northeast China. Both the cross-validation and comparison with previous studies showed that the above two predictors have good predicting ability for the summer rainfall in Northeast China.