近54 a三江平原地区初霜冻指标特征研究

利用1961—2014年国家基本(准)站初霜冻日资料,对三江平原地区初霜冻日进行从长时间序列趋势线性变化、多重周期性变化以及长时间序列突变性3个方面的特征研究。表明:(1)三江平原地区的初霜冻日均值沿东南方向逐渐递增,全区域初霜冻日均值纵跨尺度约为5 d。三江平原各地区的综合初霜冻日时间总体上开始延后,这可能与全球整体变暖的温室效应有相关性。(2)54 a中三江平原地区初霜冻日变化倾向率空间分布展现出"两峰值中心,两谷值中心"的变化特征。两峰值中心是指以佳木斯、双鸭山地区为高增量中心,呈现初霜冻日变化倾向率幅度由此向外逐步递减的趋势。两谷值中心则是指以富锦、宝清地区初霜冻日变化倾向率由此向外递减的低值中心。峰值中心较谷值中心的倾向率幅值相差约1.5 d/(10 a)。综合小波分析法与HHT-EEMD法中对三江平原地区近54 a初霜冻日均值变化周期分析结果表明三江平原主要存在两个尺度周期:2~5 a的年际周期、28 a左右的年代际周期。(3)初霜冻日均值突变指数的交叉点出现在1969年,通过α=0.05显著性水平检验,此突变点时间可作为将来进行气候背景场的研究点。     

Models on Snowball Earth and Cambrian explosion: A synopsis

During the late Proterozoic from 1000 to 542 Ma, the Earth is thought to have been frozen at least during two times: in the Sturtian (715–680 Ma) and in the Marinoan (680–635 Ma) global glaciations. Following the Marinoan Snowball Earth, large multi-cellular animals of the Ediacara fauna flourished as a prelude to the Phanerozoic world. Here we summarize the most popular models on the cause and cessation of Snowball Earth. Episodic decrease of greenhouse gas occurs through the effect of erosion and weathering promoted by either mountain building or by an increase in the coastlines during the break-up of supercontinents. Effects on the globe caused by true polar wander, eruption of voluminous flood basalts, or dramatic reduction in planetary obliquity can also lead to ice ages and mass extinction. A radically revised concept based on Earth's magnetic intensity has also been proposed, which explains the true polar wander through a quasi-polar dynamo model. The ‘switch-on’ and ‘switch-off’ of the Earth's strong dynamo can lead to the onset and disappearance of the Snowball Earth. The galactic model infers that gamma ray burst associated with starburst creates huge amounts of clouds which would cut off sun rays and freeze the Earth.The Snowball Earth event is considered to have exerted a significant control on the subsequent revolutionary changes in the evolution of life forms. Although according to the biological clock, extensive re-organisation of genome is thought to have been completed by around 900 Ma, the evolution of modern life in Cambrian occurred only after the geochemical bridge was in place with elevated oxygen and nutrient levels in lakes that developed within continental rifts where the hydrothermal system in the granitic basement created the chemical environment enriched in Ca²⁺, Fe²⁺, V, Mo, HCO₃, phosphate and other elements required for building the skeleton and bone of the first modern animals. With cosmic radiation exerting a significant control on the mutation, the Neoproterozoic Earth history illustrates the possible link from Galaxy to the genome level.     

横过青藏高原羌塘地体中央隆起区的深反射地震试验剖面

跨越中央隆起区的深反射地震探测试验剖面,初步揭露出青藏高原羌塘地体中央隆起区的地壳结构.探测剖面表明,羌塘地体可能具有古老的结晶基底;中央隆起区上地壳变形主要以逆冲、褶皱为主,下地壳出现北倾与南倾“对冲”的反射,揭示出印度和欧亚两大板块前缘汇聚的深部过程.     

关于槟城二桥GPS参考站的研究

本文阐述了如何建立槟城二桥GPS参考站,并分析了如何选择独立施工坐标系,最后对GPS／RTK参数进行统一设置。经GPS参考站测试,测试结果表明不仅定位精度能够满足技术设计要求,而且不同机型RTK可以联合作业。     

1960-2009年石羊河流域气候变化特征

利用线性倾向率和Mann-Kendall非参数检验及克里金（Kriging）空间插值法,分析石羊河流域气温、降水量和蒸发量3个气候要素的年代际时空变化特征。结果表明：1960-2009年石羊河流域气温最小增速为0.25 ℃/10 a,高于中国及全球平均增速,且石羊河流域东部地区增温速度大于流域西部;20世纪60年代石羊河流域气温为降低趋势,其他年代流域大部地区均为增温趋势,且这种增温趋势是突变的。石羊河流域各年代及50 a平均降水量流域西部地区均比东部地区增加明显,近50 a石羊河流域降水量的变化趋势大多数未通过显著性检验,流域降水量的变化是由于降水的年际振荡造成的。近50 a石羊河流域大部地区的蒸发量呈先减少后增加的趋势,除民勤外,流域各地区蒸发量的减少或增加均存在突变。石羊河流域气温持续升高和蒸发量增加及二者的协同关系可能导致区域干旱的加剧。     

Retrieval the statistical–dynamical model of western Pacific subtropical high ridge line index and key members of Asian summer monsoon system

The western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) is closely correlated with the East Asian climate. To date, the underlying mechanisms and sustaining factors have not been positively elucidated. Based on the concept of dynamical system model reconstruction, this paper presents a nonlinear statistical–dynamical model of the subtropical high ridge line (SHRL) in concurrence with four summer monsoon factors. SHRL variations from 1990 to 2011 are subdivided into three categories, while parameter differences relating to three differing models are examined. Dynamical characteristics of SHRL are analyzed and an aberrance mechanism subsequently developed. Modeling suggests that different parameters may lead to significant variance pertaining to monsoon variables corresponding with numerous WPSH activities. Dynamical system bifurcation and mutation indicates that the South China Sea monsoon trough is a significant factor with respect to the occurrence and maintenance of the ‘double-ridge’ phenomenon. Moreover, the occurrence of the Mascarene cold high is predicted to cause an abnormal northward location of WPSH, resulting in the “empty plum” phenomenon.     

Mutation analysis of ras gene in the liver of European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene

Ras is regarded as one of the most important genes involved in carcinogenesis. Such genes have been characterised in several fish species and the presence of ras mutations have already been described in fish populations from hydrocarbon contaminated areas and following experimental exposure to specific contaminants. The aims of this study were to evaluate the DNA integrity by comet assay, to isolate the normal ras gene of Anguilla anguilla and analyse for the presence of ras gene mutations or changes in gene expression levels induced after one month of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) experimental exposure. The A. anguilla ras cDNA isolated revealed a 189 amino acid protein and alignment with other vertebrate ras proteins revealed conservation of functionally important regions. Following experimental exposure to BaP, an increase in DNA damage was found by comet assay. However, no point mutations or changes in ras gene expression levels were detected when compared to control samples. In contrast to the majority of fish ras gene sequences, a high degree of polymorphic variation was detected in the A. anguilla ras gene.     

近45年5—9月阿勒泰地区强降水气候变化趋势与突变特征

利用1961-2005年5-9月阿勒泰地区六县一市7站逐日降水资料,对该地区强降水事件的气候变化趋势和突变特征进行分析.结果表明:近45年来,强降水量和强降水日数呈增加趋势,1981年是增加的突变点;强降水强度、极端降水量和日数的变化趋势不明显;间隔1～5 d强降水日数呈增加趋势;1982年以来,5月和7月强降水发生频率显著增加,9月强降水发生频率锐减;强降水事件发生时间主要集中在7月份,1980年代以来,8月下旬也是强降水事件频发时段.     

On size and boundary effects in scaled model blasts—fractures and fragmentation patterns

This contribution is the third part of a paper addressing size and boundary effects on explosively induced wave propagation, fracturing and fracture pattern development in small scale laboratory specimens, which are frequently used for model blast tests. Small cylindrical and block type specimens fabricated from concrete, sandstone and amphibolite are centre-line loaded by linear explosive charges and supersonically detonated. Using shock wave theory, elastic wave propagation theory, and fracture mechanics it is shown that the type of boundary conditions prescribed at the outer boundary of the cylinder controls the extension of stem cracking and the development of the fragmentation pattern within the body of the cylinder and the cube specimens. In the case of a composite specimen, where a cylindrical core of different material is embedded in a cylinder or in a cube, the level of fracturing and fragmentation is controlled by the conditions and possible de-lamination of the interface which, in turn, depends on the relative dimensions of the core and the block. Using known results from the theory of wave interaction with free boundaries and interfaces it will be shown that the fracture strain and the notch sensitivity of the material expressed by imperfections play an important role. Equally important is the ratio between the length of the pulse (space-wise or time-wise) and the characteristic dimensions of the models. Axi-radial boundary cracks and spalling will be explained on the basis of earlier wave propagation studies associated with supersonic blasting. Theoretical results are in good agreement with numerical simulations and recent experimental findings.     

关于地电阻率突变序列与地震关系的研究

本文从断裂力学观点出发，分析研究了大量的实际观测结果，发现强震前震中附近的台站将观测到有关地震的异常电阻率突变序列。序列中最大突变的出现将随着震中距的加大而后移，随震极的增强而提前。