1961—2017年辽宁省旱涝急转现象时空演变特征

利用1961-2017年辽宁省61个气象站逐月降水数据,以5-8月为研究时段建立旱涝急转指数（drought-flood abrupt alternation index,DFAI）序列,采用线性倾向法、趋势分析、阶段性分析、T检验、ArcGIS空间插值等方法对辽宁省降水集中期的旱涝急转现象进行时空特征分析。结果表明：1961-2017年辽宁省降水集中期DFAI总体以-0.7/（10 a）的速率下降,有13 a出现旱转涝,有19 a出现涝转旱;DFAI强度以0.1/（10 a）的速率略呈上升趋势。近57 a,辽宁省旱转涝多发生在20世纪60年代,涝转旱多发生在20世纪70年代和20世纪初之后,1989年出现了涝转旱的突变,发生频率呈增多趋势,1994年又出现旱转涝的突变,发生频率呈减少趋势。典型旱转涝年（2013年）,DFAI的高值区分布在中、西部地区;典型涝转旱年（2014年）,DFAI绝对值的高值区分布在东北部和中西部地区。DFAI变化率在空间分布上具有明显的中、北部增多,东、西部减少的趋势差异。     

Potential impact of ash eruptions on dairy farms from a study of the effects on a farm in eastern Bay of Plenty,New Zealand; implications for hazard mitigation

This paper investigates the impact ash fall would have on dairy farming, based on a study of ‘Tulachard’, a dairy farming operation at Rerewhakaaitu, North Island, New Zealand. It includes analysis of the potential effects on the dairy shed and milking machine, electrical supply and distribution, water supply and distribution, tractors and other farm vehicles, farm buildings (haysheds, pump sheds, implement sheds, etc.), milk-tanker access to the farm and critical needs of dairy cows and farm to keep milking. One of the most vulnerable areas identified in the study was the cooling of milk at the milking shed, pending dairy tanker pick-up. The cooling system’s condenser is exposed to the atmosphere and falling ash would make it highly vulnerable. Laboratory testing with wet and dry ash was conducted to determine its resilience to ash ingestion. It was found to perform satisfactorily during dry testing, but during wet testing significant clogging/blocking of the condenser’s radiator occurred, dramatically reducing airflow through the condenser. Specific mitigation recommendations have been developed that include cleaning with compressed air and adapting farm management techniques to lessen usage of the condenser during an ash-fall event. Specific recommendations for management of dairy farm operation are given to mitigate the effects of an ash-fall event.

江苏省无机材料专业测试服务中心研究方向探讨

介绍了江苏省无机材料专业测试服务中心建设的背景、作用、功能和研究方向,从测试新技术在材料领域的应用研究、新材料分析测试标准方法和标准物质的研究、非金属材料物化性能研究、生态环境测试技术研究、应对国际贸易技术壁垒等方面入手,详细叙述了中心正在或将要开展的研究领域和方向,旨在更好为地方经济建设提供技术支持和技术服务功能。     

巴楚县冬小麦生育期气温变化及其对小麦产量的影响

利用新疆巴楚气象站1984—2013年逐日气象资料,运用线性回归、趋势系数、异常度、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析了巴楚县多时间尺度气温的变化特征对冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明:近30 a巴楚县冬季、春季平均气温均呈上升趋势,其中春季平均气温上升趋势显著,并于1998年发生了增暖性突变;寒冷日和酷冷日数均呈减少趋势,其中寒冷日数在1996年发生了减少性突变;稳定通过0℃界限温度的初日表现为提前、终日表现为推迟,持续日数则相应表现为增加趋势;日最高气温≥30℃日数呈增加趋势;冬小麦生长季内前期气温偏低,后期气温偏高是影响小麦产量的主要气候因子,其中抽穗、开花期的平均气温与小麦产量显著相关。     

川西高原若尔盖地区近50年降水的小波变化特征

利用Morlet连续小波变换,分析了川西高原若尔盖地区1960~2009年共50年降水的多时间尺度变化特征,并利用Yamamoto检验法对突变点进行了真假性检验。结果显示,若尔盖年降水变化包含了多个不同时间尺度的周期变化和演变特征,目前及今后2~3a内若尔盖年降水呈偏少的趋势;小波变换系数的零点不一定就是突变点,若尔盖年降水小波变化16 a时间尺度的突变点发生在1968、1984、2000、2005年。     

强夯密实处理块碎石填料试验研究

在高填方工程中,压实质量是工程成败的关键因素。强夯法所具有的优点,使其在许多地基处理工程中都有广泛的应用。某山区高填方工程,根据工程的实际需要,采用强夯法对山体爆破块碎石填料进行密实处理。为此,开展现场试验研究。首先对爆破的块碎石填料进行了颗粒分析试验和压实试验,分析其可填性和压实特征。按照试验参数和工序,分别进行了2000kNm、3000kNm单点夯试验;同时夯后进行了密实度试验、颗粒分析试验。由此,确定了合理的强夯施工参数。最后根据面层载荷试验的检测,以此确定的施工参数在该工程取得了良好的处理效果。     

高围压高水压渗流条件下岩石的力学性质试验研究

对锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞大理岩、砂岩和板岩进行了高水压高围压渗流条件下的全应力应变过程三轴压缩实验,分析了高围压高水压对岩石强度及变形的影响,探讨了岩石强度与围压及孔隙水压力之间的关系。     

Changing Trends of Winter Temperature in Recent 53 Years in Ningxia and Impact for Agriculture

Based on winter (December to February) daily temperature data of 20 meteorological stations in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region since 1961, the interannual and interdecadal change trend and the mutation characteristics of the winter average, the maximum, and the minimum temperature of the whole Ningxia region, the Yellow River irrigation area, the central arid zone and the southern mountainous area were analyzed using linear trend, Mann-Kendall test and other methods; Meanwhile,the new characteristics of average temperature of the coldest month, <0 ℃ negative accumulated temperature in winter of the 21^st century and impact on agriculture were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that: Firstly, in the whole region and different areas of Ningxia, winter average temperature rose significantly before 2000, the Yellow River irrigation area was the most obvious in winter warming than that in the central arid zone and the southern mountainous area. 1985 was the abrupt change point of winter average temperatures in most areas of Ningxia. In the early 21^st century the winter average temperature rose slowly in most areas of Ningxia, even falling in the central arid zone. Secondly, the rise of average minimum temperature was significantly higher than average temperature and average maximum temperature in the winter, indicating that the rise of winter temperature in Ningxia was mainly due to winter minimum temperature. Since the 21^st century, the average maximum temperature had changed more dramatically than the average temperature in the winter, dropping in most areas. Winter average minimum temperature in addition to the central arid zone declined slightly after 2002, and continued to rise in most areas of Ningxia.Thirdly, both rise of the average temperature of the coldest month and dramatic reduction of the absolute value of negative accumulated temperature is not only beneficial to the northern planting boundary of winter crops spreading further to north and planting areas expanding with a lower risk of freezing injury, but also beneficial to crop pests increase.     

1964-2013年大连地区暴雨气候特征及变化规律

利用1964—2013年大连地区6个气象站逐日降水资料,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall和 Yamamoto检验及最大熵谱分析等方法,对大连地区暴雨的气候特征及变化规律进行分析。结果表明：大连地区3—12月均可出现暴雨,72.7％的暴雨出现在7—8月,7月暴雨出现最多,8月上旬是暴雨出现最集中的时期。4—8月各月暴雨日数均呈上升趋势,且4月暴雨日数上升最明显,8月次之,至9月暴雨日数呈下降趋势。大连地区各站年平均暴雨日数为1.8—2.8 d,暴雨日数分布从大连西北内陆向东南沿海地区逐渐增多,暴雨日数大值中心在庄河（2.8 d）。各站年暴雨日数均呈上升趋势,大连北部普兰店、东部长海和西南部旅顺地区年暴雨日数呈显著上升趋势,其他地区年暴雨日数上升趋势较弱。近50 a来,大连地区暴雨初日有所提前,暴雨终日变化不明显。年暴雨日数、暴雨强度和暴雨贡献率均呈不显著的上升趋势,且均从2003年以来增加明显,均有2.0—3.0 a的周期振荡;此外,年暴雨日数、暴雨强度和暴雨贡献率分别存在准12.5 a、准5.0 a和准16.7 a的振荡周期,仅年暴雨贡献率在1977年和1978年发生显著突变。     

ICP-AES光谱法测定化探样品中多元素

ICP-AES直读光谱仪具有多元素同时测定、线性范围宽、分析速度快等优点。方法简便、快速,各元素间没有明显干扰。本方法用HCl和HNO3分解试样,加入HF和HClO4冒烟除去SiO2的干扰后,用国家一级标准物质GBWO7310、GBWO7312、NGS-01、NGS-02等对方法进行验证,结果满意。