An updated delineation of stand ages of deciduous rubber plantations during 1987-2018 using Landsat-derived bi-temporal thresholds method in an anti-chronological strategy

Timely and accurately monitoring stand ages of deciduous rubber plantations is of great importance for ecological studies and plantations management. The re-establishment of rubber plantations usually experiences a short period (several years) of land clearance and transplantation of rubber seedlings, along with a noticeable landscape change from well-grown forest to bare land and sparse vegetation in situ. With Landsat times series (LTS) data of four commonly-used vegetation indices (VIs), namely the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), and three non-visible spectral bands, i.e. the near-infrared (NIR) and shortwave-infrared (SWIR1/2), in this study, an approach by combining the inter-annual defoliating and foliating features of rubber trees and the intra-annual landscape changes of rubber plantations was presented to detect and map stand ages of deciduous rubber plantations in an anti-chronological manner across Xishuangbanna between 1987 and 2018, one of the most intensive regions of deciduous rubber plantations within the tropics. The approach highlighted the repeated distribution of newly-cleared and replanted plot (NCRP) of rubber seedlings due to rubber management. It applied the bi-temporal VIs thresholds of zero of NBR and NDMI during the defoliation to foliation phases to delineate the stand ages of deciduous rubber plantations at an interval of five years, by combining a Landsat-based rubber map in 2018 and 32-year NCRPs as well as quadri-classified age-groups and seven sub-categories (i.e. ≤5 as infantile rubber plantations (IRP), 6–10 as young rubber plantations (YRP), 11–15 and 16–20 as mature rubber plantations (MRP), 21–25, 26–30, and ≥31 years as old rubber plantations (ORP)). The results showed that the areas of IRP, YRP, MRP, and ORP were 19.1 km², 817.1 km², 1681.7 km², and 573.7 km² in 2018, respectively. Spatially, the YRP are mainly around the outskirts of two county-level administrative centers (Jinghong and Mengla), while ORP primarily distributed along main roads. Nearly 53.9% of ORP, 51.8% of IRP, 47.3% of MRP and 46.3% of YRP were in Jinghong City, and Mengla County had 50.5% of YRP, 48.8% of MRP, 42.4% of IRP and 36.3% of ORP. This study demonstrates that the bi-temporal VIs thresholds method (i.e. NBR_defoliation <0, NDMI_defoliation <0, NBR_foliation <0, and NDMI_foliation <0) have great potential for detecting stand ages of deciduous rubber plantations.     

西双版纳地区雾的数值模拟研究

建立了一个适用于复杂地形上的三维非定常雾模式,用于研究西双版纳地区雾的生消规律。模式详细考虑了湍流、长短波辐射、凝结、蒸发、重力沉降等影响因子,特别注意了植被和气溶胶辐射效应对雾的生消的影响。利用本模式对山谷风及雾的生消过程进行了实况模拟,结果表明,模式在一定程度上反映了实际情况。     

城市化对西双版纳辐射雾的影响

利用景洪气象站和大勐龙气象站的资料，对西双版纳辐射雾减少的原因进行了分析。结果表明：1960－1984年，地形地质条件相近的景洪站与大勐龙站的年雾日数、年均气温、年均湿度、年均最高气温、年均最低气温等气象要素的变化一致，可以认为两站的自然气候变化是一致的。而1985年以后，两站年雾日数和年平均湿度的变化出现较大差异。通过对人文条件的对比发现，景洪市的城市化进程远远大于大勐龙站。因此，我们初步认为城市化对西双版纳辐射雾减少所起的作用远远大于自然气候变化和森林砍伐的作用。     

Annual variation of carbon flux and impact factors in the tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, SW China

Two years of eddy covariance measurements of above- and below-canopy carbon fluxes and static opaque chamber and gas chromatography technique measurements of soil respiration for three treatments (bare soil, soil litterfall, soil litterfall seedling) were carried out in a tropical seasonal rain forest. In addition, data of photosynthesis of dominant tree species and seedlings, leaf area index, litter production and decomposing speed, soil moisture, soil temperature and photosynthetic photon flux density within the forest were all measured concurrently. Data from January 2003 to December 2004 are used to present annual variability of carbon flux and relationships between carbon flux and impact factors. The results show that carbon flux of this forest presented unusual tendency of annual variation; above-canopy carbon fluxes were negative in the dry season (November-April) and mainly positive in the rainy season, but overall the forest is a carbon sink. Carbon flux has obviously diurnal variation in this tropical seasonal rain forest. Above-canopy carbon fluxes were negative in the daytime and absolute values were larger in the dry season than that in the rainy season, causing the forest to act as a carbon sink; at night, carbon fluxes were mainly positive, causing the forest to act as a carbon source. Dominant tree species have greater photosynthesis capability than that of seedlings, which have a great effect on above-canopy carbon flux. There was a significant correlation between above-canopy carbon flux and rate of photosynthesis of tree species. There was also a significant correlation between above-canopy carbon flux and rate of photosynthesis of seedlings; however, the below-canopy carbon flux was only significantly correlated with rate of photosynthesis of seedlings during the hot-dry season. Soil respiration of the three treatments displayed a markedly seasonal dynamic; in addition, above-canopy carbon fluxes correlated well with soil respiration, litterfall production, litterfall decomposition rate, precipitation, and soil moisture and temperature. A primary statistical result of this study showed that above-canopy carbon flux in this forest presented carbon source or sink effects in different seasons, and it is a carbon sink at the scale of a year.     

西双版纳山地不同森林景观鸟类多样性

研究了在不同形式人类经济活动下的森林景观变化与西双版纳地区鸟类多样性的关系．同时对发展生产时的用地布局和维护森林景观的动态发展与提高人们生活质量和持续发展的关系进行了讨论．     

西双版纳温湿状况及其舒适性评价

评价了西双版纳地区温湿状况及其舒适性,除干热季３～５月的中午人体感觉闷热,其它时间或季节均为舒适或较舒适,其中以雾凉季、雾冷季及干凉季的舒适条件较好．     

2007年宁洱MS6.4地震的地面运动预测

根据普洱、 西双版纳地区6个地震观测台站在2008——2009年获取的5级以上的地震资料, 利用接收函数和面波衰减系数, 反演得到了研究区域的S波速度结构和Qβ结构. 基于该结构模型, 采用随机振动理论方法, 预测了2007年宁洱MS6.4地震发生后, 在震中距为10——300 km范围内引起的地面运动, 并借助获取的强震观测记录检验、 评价了该预测结果. 同时, 将地面运动预测结果与利用回归衰减公式计算得到的结果进行对比, 进而讨论该地震动预测方法在地面运动预测中的可行性． 结果表明, 该预测结果与实测结果吻合．      

橡胶-大叶千斤拔复合生态系统中的植物生长与土壤水分养分动态

对橡胶-大叶千斤拔复合生态系统和橡胶纯林进行连续3 a的对比观测研究,结果表明在橡胶林里种植大叶千斤拔能促进橡胶生长,橡胶平均基径、平均胸径和平均树高分别比橡胶纯林高出11.0%、9.62%和3.78%.与橡胶纯林相比.混作后土壤含水量的季节变化较为缓和且旱季含水量较高;且0～10 cm和10～30 cm的土壤容重每年分别约下降0.03 g/cm3和0.01～0.02 g/cm3.随着种植年限的增加,土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量都呈现出先降后升的趋势,而在对照中土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量均呈现不断下降的趋势.表明混作后植物的生长及土壤养分状况比橡胶纯林都有所改善.     

西双版纳热带林森林景观稳定性研究

以西双版纳勐腊国营林场热带林为研究对象,以2006年森林资源二类调查数据为信息源,在ArcGIS支持下,把勐腊国营林场整个森林景观划分为8种景观类型,并选取10个景观格局指数作为稳定性评价指标体系,在Fragstats计算各景观类型的指数值基础上,建立了景观稳定性评价指标标准化矩阵;运用主成分分析法,在SPSS13.0支持下,构造了热带林景观稳定性综合评判模型,对勐腊国营林场各类型森林景观进行稳定性排序。研究结果表明:勐腊县国营林场热带林景观稳定性差异较大,其稳定性大小依次为:其他阔叶林—橡胶林—栎类林—茶叶—竹林—经济乔木林—思茅松林—其他灌木林。该结果可为西双版纳热带林的经营保护提供技术支撑。     

西双版纳州渔业资源研究

根据澜沧江下游流域西双版纳州1989～2006年渔业资源量数据,分析渔业资源量变动特征,结合1989～2003年同期水文数据,应用人工神经网络技术分析环境因子与渔业捕捞量的关联,并依据2006年数据进行预测检验。结果表明,自1989～2006年,西双版纳州水产品产量逐年增加,养殖面积扩大、养殖技术发展是主要原因。渔业捕捞量总体呈现上升趋势,但在1990～1991、1998～1999及2001～2003年有所下降,与渔政管理和执法加强相关。气温和年降水量对渔业捕捞量的影响最大,其次是最高水温、最低含沙量和最低径流量。人工神经网络下渔业资源模拟值与实际值相关性高,2006年预测值与实际值的相对误差为9.7%,模型预测效果好。