Classification,metallogenesis and exploration of silver deposits in Daxing’anling of Inner Mongolia and its adjacent areas

By the end of 2020, 83 silver deposits (or ore occurrences), including four super-large-scale deposits, nine large-scale deposits, 33 medium-scale deposits and 37 small-scale deposits or ore occurrences, have been proved. The amount of silver metal exceeds 86000 t with average grade of 100 g/t, which makes Daxing’ anling region one of the the most important silver ore belt in China. However, the metallogenic characteristics and metallogenesis need to be clarified. The silver deposits in the study area are classified into three main types, which are magmatic hydrothermal vein type, continental volcano-subvolcanic type and skarn type, respectively. The supergiant deposits include the Shuangjianzishan deposit (silver metal amount of 15214 t with average grade of 138 g/t), the Baiyinchagandongshan deposit (silver metal amount of 9446 t with average grade of 187 g/t), the Huaobaote deposit (silver metal amount of 6852 t with average grade of 170 g/t), and the Fuxingtun deposit (silver metal amount of 5240 t with average grade of 196 g/t). The silver deposits are mainly distributed in the central and south of the Daxing’anling area, and mainly formed in the Yanshanian period. The silver polymetallic deposits in the Daxinganling area are significantly controlled by regional faults and the junction zone of volcanic rock basins and their margins. The north-east trending deep faults are the most important ore-controlling structures in this area. The distribution of silver polymetallic deposits along the main faults is obvious, and the intersection area of multiple groups of faults often form important mine catchments. The Permian is the most important ore-bearing formation in this area, but some important silver polymetallic deposits occur in Mesozoic volcanic basins or pre-Mesozoic strata. The magmatic rocks related to mineralization are mainly intermediate acidic or acidic intrusions, intermediate acidic lavas, pyroclastic rocks, and small intrusions of ultra-shallow or shallow facies of the Yanshanian Period. The mineralization element combination is mainly determined by the elemental geochemical background of surrounding rocks or source layers. In addition, the type of deposit, the distance from the mineralization center, and the degree of differentiation of ore-forming rock mass are also important influence factors. The article analyzes the prospecting prospects of each silver deposit type in the study area, discusses the relationship between mineralization center and deep prospecting, and proposes that porphyry silver deposits should be paid attention to. In the prospecting and exploration of silver deposits, comprehensive evaluation and multi-target prospecting need to be strengthened because silver can coexist or be associated with a variety of metals.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

中国东北地壳结构的地震层析成像

中国东北地区自晚古生代晚期以来,受古亚洲洋、蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋、太平洋构造域的叠加作用,壳幔结构极为复杂。本文收集中国东北地区国家地震台网接收的100 980个P波和91 030个S波到时数据,采用地震走时层析成像方法获得了该地区地壳P波和S波速度结构,进而获得了泊松比结构,用以探讨复杂的地壳结构。成像结果显示：中国东北地区地壳地震波速度结构呈明显的横向不均匀性,不同构造单元和构造单元内部都存在不同程度的不均匀性。松辽盆地整体上浅层地壳以低速异常为主,尤其是S波速度,但部分区域分辨率较低,中下地壳存在较大范围高速异常,推测与太平洋俯冲、后撤导致的岩石圈拆沉和热物质上涌等动力学过程有关;北部的大兴安岭重力梯级带和长白山一线主要表现为低速异常,表明具有大范围的岩浆作用,广泛岩浆作用为固体矿产资源的形成提供热源或物源;长白山、五大连池等近代活动的火山下方部分地壳区域均表现了较强低地震波速度和高泊松比异常结构特征,表明仍存在活动的可能。     

一种基于重叠区指数化互相关和优化Dijkstra算法的航摄影像镶嵌线选取方法#br#

航摄影像因含有丰富的地理信息而成为实用的可视化产品和决策工具。通常需要将多幅航摄影像沿镶嵌线拼接才能覆盖研究区域,因此如何选取最优航摄影像镶嵌线具有研究意义。本文提出了一种新颖的航摄影像镶嵌线选取方法。首先构造一种指数化互相关方法,高质量地表达航摄影像重叠对应区域的错位程度;其次优化Dijkstra算法,在重叠区找出错位差异最小的路径作为航摄影像镶嵌线;最后使用两组来自城市和城镇区域的航摄影像将本文方法与相关方法进行对比,结果表明使用本文方法获取的镶嵌线穿越更少的独立地物且用时更短。     

La couverture océanique des ultrabasites de Lanzo (Alpes occidentales) : arguments lithostratigraphiques et pétrologiques

Résumé

De nombreuses analogies entre les évolutions pétro-logiques et métamorphiques des ultrabasites de Lanzo et des ophiohtes liguro-piémontaises ont été soulignées récemment. Ces analogies concernent: la nature des ultrabasites (Iherzolites à plagioclase peu appauvries), la présence de gabbros et de filons basaltiques superficiels intrusifs dans les péridotites, l’existence de reliques de paragenèses métamorphiques de haute température attribuables à un épisode océanique, l’empreinte du métamorphisme alpin de haute pression. Ces faits ont conduit certains auteurs à proposer que les péridotites de Lanzo représentent un fragment du plancher océanique téthysien.

Nous avons tenté de vérifier cette hypothèse en recherchant la couverture océanique (volcanique et/ou sédimentaire) des péridotites de Lanzo, dans la partie occidentale du massif où des pincées de métabasites et de schistes lustrés s.l. sont visibles associées aux serpentinites.

Aux environs du village de Richiaglio, à l’Est de la cicatrice de Viù, les successions lithostratigraphiques reconstituées comprennent schémati-quement : les ultrabasites serpentinisées du corps de Lanzo, des métabasites, des quartzites manganésifères (comparables à celles du Mont Viso par exemple), et des calcschistes. Ces successions s’apparentent à celles décrites dans les couvertures d’autres ophiolites piémontaises, ce qui conduit à proposer que ces ensembles métavolcaniques et Dimetaires dimentaires représentent des résidus de la couverture océanique originelle des péridotites. L’analyse des paragenèses éclogitiques des métasédiments et des métabasites permet de montrer que l’évolution P,T alpine de ces lambeaux est compatible avec celle du corps de Lanzo. Cette interprétation et ses implications sont discutées.     

Unsaturated hydro-mechanical-chemo coupled constitutive model with consideration of osmotic flow

Since low permeability rock has the potential to behave as an actual semi-permeable osmotic membrane, chemical osmosis may have an effect on water flow and needs to be accounted for in analysis. Hence, an advanced fully coupled formulation for modelling unsaturated hydro, chemical and mechanical effects is here presented based on modified mixture theory. Firstly, the classical Darcy’s law has been modified to include the chemical potential. Secondly, the mechanical deformation, which affects the permeability, has been coupled with the water and chemical flows by using Helmholtz free energy and the Gibbs–Duhem equation. Finally, an illustrative numerical example with relevance to radioactive waste disposal has been analysed to investigate the performance of the coupled formulation and the relative influence of parameters.     

航磁数据在大兴安岭激流河地区地质填图中的应用

利用航磁资料对激流河地区进行岩性地质解译,对比1:25万地质调查结果,发现在原来的三叠纪二长花岗岩分布区有一个隐伏的火山机构,该火山机构呈椭圆形、南北走向,面积约60～ 70km2,具有放射状构造.这项解译成果丰富了该地区的地质内容,为进一步的基础地质研究和找矿工作提供了有利信息.     

构造变形流变场分配多尺度数值模拟研究

流变场分配(flow field partitioning)现象在自然界高应变岩石中十分常见。传统的基于固体连续变形机制理论的变形分析中,流变场分配问题往往被忽略,致使应变带中流变场如何分配一直都缺乏深入认识。Eshelby阐述了嵌入均匀介质中的椭球体内流变场的数学方法,为探讨流变场的分配奠定了理论基础。本文从固体连续变形机制入手,重点介绍基于Eshelby理论的多尺度数值模拟思路和方法,探讨流变场分配问题。模拟结果表明:嵌入基质中的椭球体内分布的流变场主要取决于椭球体与基质间的相对流变强度,椭球体的相对流变强度越低,其变形越接近于简单剪切,且有限应变积累越快。模拟还揭示,不同流变强度的椭球体内模拟拉伸线理和面理产状的总体格局反映基质流变场特征。由此得到以下结论:(1)在流变场分配现象显著的区域,局部小尺度上应变、涡度测量分析结果无法直接揭示区域流变场运动学边界条件,对这些区域的构造变形分析必须是多尺度的;(2)基于Eshelby理论的以实质变形组构为约束的多尺度数值模拟分析,能更为合理地揭示高应变岩石中流变场的分配。     

腾冲温泉中Li-U-Au异常富集特征及其成因浅析

综合滇西腾冲1974年以来的调查研究文献资料发现,该区正在发育国内外罕见的现代热泉型铀、金、砷、锑、稀土、锂、汞、钨、氢等元素的异常富集系统。为总结温泉中锂、铀、金战略性金属元素异常富集特征,探索其共生富集机制,本文统计了腾冲57个温泉近50年报道的320个地球化学数据,初次系统梳理出温泉中锂、铀、金元素具以下典型特征：（1）3种金属元素集中在部分泉水中异常富集。锂、金主要富集于大滚锅,铀主要富集于珍珠泉和叠水河碳酸泉,温泉中锂和铀含量高于全省绝大多数温泉。（2）锂元素含量稳定、富集效率高、资源潜力大。热海地区温泉锂含量变异系数均低于30%,指示半个世纪来锂含量波动幅度小,锂“流而不衰”;有学者初步测算出全区温泉年溢出锂金属量达532.9吨,20年流失量即可超过一个小型锂矿。此外,381砂岩型铀矿床还存在铀“采而不尽”的现象,可能与泉水中新生铀的持续补给有关。在前人研究成果基础之上,新提出温泉中锂、铀、金的共生富集可能主要是在地核或其局部富集的此类元素沿“腾冲现代地幔柱”自下往上迁移,在地表温泉及其沉积物中不断聚集的结果,即“核源—地幔柱”成因。

     

Early Permian East-Ujimqin mafic–ultramafic and granitic rocks from the Xing’an–Mongolian Orogenic Belt,North China: Origin,chronology, and tectonic implications

The East-Ujimqin complex, located north of the Erenhot–Hegenshan fault, North China, is composed of mafic–ultramafic and granitic rocks including peridotite, gabbro, alkali granite, and syenite. We investigated the tectonic setting, age, and anorogenic characteristics of the Xing’an–Mongolian Orogenic Belt (XMOB) through field investigation and microscopic and geochemical analyses of samples from the East-Ujimqin complex and LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating of gabbro and alkali granite. Petrographic and geochemical studies of the complex indicate that this multiphase plutonic suite developed through a combination of fractional crystallization, assimilation processes, and magma mixing. The mafic–ultramafic rocks are alkaline and have within-plate geochemical characteristics, indicating anorogenic magmatism in an extensional setting and derivation from a mantle source. The mafic–ultramafic magmas triggered partial melting of the crust and generated the granitic rocks. The granitic rocks are alkali and metaluminous and have high Fe/(Fe + Mg) characteristics, all of which are common features of within-plate plutons. Zircon U–Pb geochronological dating of two samples of gabbro and alkali granite yielded ages of 280.8 ± 1.5 and 276.4 ± 0.7 Ma, placing them within the Early Permian. The zircon Hf isotopic data give inhomogeneous ε_Hf(t) values of 8.2–14.7 for gabbroic zircons and extraordinary high ε_Hf(t) values (8.9–12.5) for the alkali granite in magmatic zircons. Thus, we consider the East-Ujimqin mafic–ultramafic and granitic rocks to have been formed in an extensional tectonic setting caused by asthenospheric upwelling and lithospheric thinning. The sources of mafic–ultramafic and granitic rocks could be depleted garnet lherzolite mantle and juvenile continental lower crust, respectively. All the above indicate that an anorogenic magma event may have occurred in part of the XMOB during 280–276 Ma.     

西藏蒙亚啊铅锌矿床金属硫化物、石英稀土元素组成特征及其成因研究

蒙亚啊铅锌矿床自发现至今尚未报道稀土元素地球化学的研究成果,本文通过ICP-MS方法测定了矿床金属硫化物和热液成因石英中稀土元素的组成。研究表明,磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿中稀土元素总量有所差异,但总体均为右倾的轻稀土富集型配分模式;据Eu异常特征可将其分为3组,Eu异常的产生主要是成矿过程中物化条件的转变及方解石的大量结晶造成的。4件石英稀土元素总量亦有所差异,原因在于其结晶时间和结晶温度不同,其配分曲线亦为轻稀土富集的右倾型;不同阶段形成的石英各自具强烈的正铕或负铕异常,究其原因主要是由于后期大气降水的加入及方解石的形成引起的。