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101.
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In this study, an empirical assessment approach for the risk of crop loss due to water stress was developed and used to evaluate the risk of winter wheat loss in China, the United States, Germany, France and the United Kingdom. We combined statistical and remote sensing data on crop yields with climate data and cropland distribution to model the effect of water stress from 1982 to 2011. The average value of winter wheat loss due to water stress for the three European countries was about ?931 kg/ha, which was higher than that in China (?570 kg/ha) and the United States (?367 kg/ha). Our study has important implications for the operational assessment of crop loss risk at a country or regional scale. Future studies should focus on using higher spatial resolution remote sensing data, combining actual evapotranspiration to estimate water stress, improving the method for downscaling of statistical crop yield data and establishing more sophisticated zoning methods. 相似文献
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利用1961-2012年CN05.2的日平均温度、日最低温度和日最高温度,将3种温度资料冬季相邻两天的降温情况分为弱降温、一般性降温和强降温3类,并分析了这3类降温的时空分布特征。结果表明:日平均温度和日最低温度的弱降温和一般性降温发生频次最大的地区位于大、小兴安岭地区和长白山山脉一带,而强降温发生频次最大的区域则为长白山山脉一带;这三类降温的高频发生时段均为20世纪60年代和70年代,随后开始减少,到21世纪初为发生频次最少时段。对日最高温度而言,弱降温和一般性降温高频发区为42°-45°N,呈带状分布,其北部和南部均为一般性降温发生频次的低发区,呈现"低-高-低"的频次分布特征,而强降温的高频发生区则位于长白山山脉一带;同日平均温度和日最低温度年代际变化特征一样,日最高温度3类降温均在20世纪60年代和70年代频次最大,其后发生频次开始减少。 相似文献
105.
中国南方地区冬季风降水异常的分析 总被引:26,自引:5,他引:26
1997/1998和1998/1999年冬季是中国南方典型的多雨年和少雨年,它们分别发生在El Nio年和La Nina年.为了了解这两个冬季降水异常的原因,通过对比分析方法对这两个冬季的大气环流和水汽输送的差异进行了研究.结果表明:多雨年与ENSO事件的暖期相联系,西风带槽脊偏东偏弱,东亚冬季风减弱,副热带高压增强,对流层低层距平流场上呈现两个反气旋和一个气旋性环流,中心位于长江流域的气旋性环流的垂直结构和形成机理与菲律宾海反气旋不同.少雨年赤道海温的距平分布及高低层环流系统都与多雨年几乎相反.研究还揭示,冬季中国南方地区的水汽主要来自南支西风带低槽前部的西南气流和南海-中南半岛上空的转向气流,水汽输送通道随高度有明显的变化.1997/1998年冬季加强的南支西风气流和菲律宾海异常反气旋有利于水汽向中国大陆输送;1998/1999年南支西风气流弱,中国东南沿海低层为冷性高压控制,两支水汽输送带都大大减弱.这种水汽输送的明显年际变化是造成这2年冬季南方降水明显差异的一个关键因子. 相似文献
106.
Remote sensing images are widely used to map leaf area index (LAI) continuously over landscape. The objective of this study is to explore the ideal image features from Chinese HJ-1 A/B CCD images for estimating winter wheat LAI in Beijing. Image features were extracted from such images over four seasons of winter wheat growth, including five vegetation indices (VIs), principal components (PC), tasseled cap transformations (TCT) and texture parameters. The LAI was significantly correlated with the near-infrared reflectance band, five VIs [normalized difference vegetation index, enhanced vegetation index (EVI), modified nonlinear vegetation index (MNLI), optimization of soil-adjusted vegetation index, and ratio vegetation index], the first principal component (PC1) and the second TCT component (TCT2). However, these image features cannot significantly improve the estimation accuracy of winter wheat LAI in conjunction with eight texture measures. To determine the few ideal features with the best estimation accuracy, partial least squares regression (PLSR) and variable importance in projection (VIP) were applied to predict LAI values. Four remote sensing features (TCT2, PC1, MNLI and EVI) were chosen based on VIP values. The result of leave-one-out cross-validation demonstrated that the PLSR model based on these four features produced better result than the ten features’ model, throughout the whole growing season. The results of this study suggest that selecting a few ideal image features is sufficient for LAI estimation. 相似文献
107.
按照规划原理的要求,利用GPS定位技术测定本地区“竿影日照图”,用以规范和指导城市规划中建筑物、构筑物等的日照间距问题,同时对GPS观测中的体会加以总结。 相似文献
108.
A study of coccolith assemblages from a box core from the central South Yellow Sea(SYS) was performed revealing fluctuations on their relative abundance(%) that can be related to climatic and hydrographic changes over the last 230 years(1780–2011). Total coccolith abundances ranged from 7.0 to 55.1×10~6 coccoliths·g~(-1)sediment. Although the abundance of different species varied widely throughout the core, seven taxa dominated the assemblage. Among these species, Gephyrocapsa oceanica was the most dominant species, and it showed an average percentage of 50.1%. The pattern of G. oceanica(eutrophic species) was opposite to that of the combined percentage of Braarudosphaera bigelowii and Umbilicosphaera sibogae(both oligotrophic species), indicating that in the Yellow Sea(YS), the distribution pattern of G. oceanica might be characteristic of nutrient availability.Similar patterns between G. oceanica and the Siberian High were observed on an inter-decadal time scale,indicating that the East Asian Winter Monsoon(EAWM) may be an important driver of ecological changes in the YS. When the EAWM prevails, both the Yellow Sea Coastal Current(YSCC) and Yellow Sea Warm Current(YSWC)strengthen, and the increasing nutrient availability and warmer water brought by the strengthened YSWC favor eutrophic and warm-water coccolithophore species, such as G. oceanica. This likely mechanism demonstrates that coccolith assemblages can be used as benign and reliable proxy for climate change and surface oceanography. 相似文献
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110.