陇海—京广线沿线河南段年最大风速和年最大积雪深度重现期研究

为对陇海线和京广线提速160—250 km速度段最大风速和最大积雪深度的气候可行性进行论证,根据从建站到2006年陇海—京广线沿线12个气象观测站历年最大风速和最大积雪深度资料,利用Gumbel分布、Weibull分布和Gamma分布对各站最大风速和最大积雪深度的重现期进行了分析。结果表明:陇海线和京广线交叉点上的郑州气象观测站年最大风速具有极为显著的线性下降趋势,每10 a风速减小2.85 m/s;年最大积雪深度没有明显的线性趋势,以波动变化为主。各站年最大风速和最大积雪深度均具有明显的阶段性变化特征。无论是年最大风速,还是年最大积雪深度,多不能拒绝其服从Gumbel、Weibull和Gamma分布的假设,但以Weibull分布形态为主,服从Gumbel分布形态的只有商丘和虞城2站的最大风速及许昌、中牟、开封和兰考4个气象观测站的最大积雪深度。百年一遇的年最大风速多在20.00 m/s以上,最大值为郑州的26.79 m/s;最大积雪深度则均在21.90 cm以上,最大值同样出现在郑州,最大积雪深度为30.83 cm。     

贵州红心猕猴桃膨大期对气温与降水变化的响应

为了探明贵州红心猕猴桃果实膨大期气温和降水对其生长的影响,利用贵州省六盘水市水城县猴场乡猴场村2009—2014年5—7月逐日气温、降水资料及其同期红心猕猴桃果实膨大期的膨大直径资料,分析红心猕猴桃果实膨大对气温、降水的响应。结果表明:近6a来,红心猕猴桃果实膨大期最关键时间为6月,其次是5月。果实膨大最适宜日平均气温为18~24℃,其果实横向膨大平均速度为0.48mm/d、纵向膨大平均速度为0.61mm/d;果实膨大最适宜日降水量为1.1~20.0mm,其果实横向膨大平均速度为0.54mm/d、纵向膨大平均速度为0.60mm/d,相关性达显著水平(P0.05)。红心猕猴桃果实膨大期积温与其产量呈反相关关系,其相关性达到极显著水平(P=0.000);降水量与其产量呈正相关关系,其相关性达到极显著水平(P=0.001);果实膨大期积温小于2100℃、降水量大于670mm,其单产量在2.3kg/m~2以上;果实膨大期积温大于等于2100℃、降水量小于等于410mm,其单产量在2.0kg/m~2以下。建立了与红心猕猴桃果实膨大相关的气温和降水的上、下限指标,为其趋利避害、提高产量提供研究依据。     

我国霾日和API分布特征及典型大城市中它们与气象条件关系

利用全国756基准站1994—2013年MICAPS地面常规观测资料和47个城市2002—2012年国家环境保护总局公布的空气污染指数(the Air Pollution Index,API)数据,对北京、南京、重庆沙坪坝、广州4个大城市霾日和API的气象条件进行分析。结果表明:1)我国霾日和API的高值区主要分布在中东部地区,年霾日自1998年开始上升,并持续增长,到2013年达到最多。1月霾日最多,8月霾日最少。2002—2012年期间,与年霾日不同,年API呈下降趋势,12月API最高,8月API最低。四大城市的霾日和API的年际变化和月际变化均存在较大差异。2)一般情况下,霾发生时,北京、南京、重庆沙坪坝、广州对应的相对湿度较高;霾发生时,北京西南风占主导作用,南京和广州均东南风占主导作用,重庆沙坪坝西北风占主导作用,风速多集中在1~4 m/s,负变压及低层大气稳定时更易产生霾日。3)低层稳定度(γ850)对四大城市的API的影响各不相同,北京和重庆沙坪坝与γ850呈负相关,即越稳定,API值越高,南京和广州与γ850呈正相关,即越不稳定,API值越高。4)多元线性回归方程的结果表明:热力因子(相对湿度、γ850)和动力因子(地面风速、24 h变压)对四大城市冬季霾日能见度和冬季API各有贡献。     

A high accuracy surface modeling method based on GPU accelerated multi‐grid method

A high accuracy surface modeling method (HASM) has been developed to provide a solution to many surface modeling problems such as DEM construction, surface estimation and spatial prediction. Although HASM is able to model surfaces with a higher accuracy, its low computing speed limits its popularity in constructing large scale surfaces. Hence, the research described in this article aims to improve the computing efficiency of HASM with a graphic processor unit (GPU) accelerated multi‐grid method (HASM‐GMG). HASM‐GMG was tested with two types of surfaces: a Gauss synthetic surface and a real‐world example. Results indicate that HASM‐GMG can gain significant speedups compared with CPU‐based HASM without acceleration on GPU. Moreover, both the accuracy and speed of HASM‐GMG are superior to the classical interpolation methods including Kriging, Spline and IDW.     

风应力对印度洋上层环流的模拟研究

利用10aECMWF风应力资料强迫LASG／IAP L30T63大洋环流模式,模拟分析了印度洋海温变化的基本特征,重点分析了1982年印度洋偶极子事件。模式很好地模拟印度洋的季节变化;模拟的印度洋偶极子指数与实际资料大体上相似,但并非一一对应,且存在2～4月滞后,振幅也小于资料分析的结果;对1982年印度洋偶极子事件做个例分析,研究其发生、发展以及消亡的基本特征。     

深圳职业技术学院高陡边坡工程爆破地震效应观测研究

介绍了深圳职业技术学院高陡边坡工程爆破地震效应观测选择的观测物理量及观测系统,概述了测点的布置及安全震动速度的选取,实测结果表明,跟踪监测并根据监测结果指导下一炮爆破参数整是确保安全的好方法。     

Sublimation over seasonal snowpack at the southeastern edge of a desert in central Eurasia

The Gurbantonggut Desert, China, is an ideal site for study of sublimation from the snowpack because there are sparse vegetation and simple topography, and the wind speed is not large enough to blow snow into the atmosphere from the snowpack. Daily sublimation was measured by manual snow lysimeters at 8:00, and an automatic weather station was deployed at the top of a stout longitudinal dune chain at the southeastern edge of the desert. It is shown that on a daily scale, there was an extremely significant no‐intercept linear relationship between the measured sublimation and that calculated by the bulk aerodynamic method, although the former was only 83.8% of the latter. It is also demonstrated that ?10°C and 2 m/s were the thresholds where the sublimation varied with the air temperature and the wind speed. When these two thresholds were exceeded, the sublimation accelerated. However, the air temperature and the wind speed at 2 m above the ground averaged ?17.2°C and 1.3 m/s, respectively, and the percentages of the time when the air temperature was below ?10 °C and the wind speed was below 2 m/s were 76.9% and 85.1%, respectively. As a result, the rate of sublimation was quite low most of the time, and the thin snowpack remained in a quasi‐static state until the melt stage started. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ten‐year water table recovery after clearcutting and draining boreal forested wetlands of eastern Canada

In boreal forested wetlands, the observed increase in the water table level after clearcutting (watering‐up) is often a threat to sustained ecosystem productivity. Hydrologic recovery refers to the processes by which a water table progressively drops back to its initial level after the cut. In eastern Canada, drainage is used operationally after clearcutting wet sites in order to lower the water table level and accelerate hydrologic recovery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the duration of the watering‐up caused by timber harvesting and the extent to which drainage affected the water table recovery on five peatlands and three hydromorphic mineral sites located in the St. Lawrence Lowlands of Québec (Canada). The mixed wood stands studied are dominated by balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L). Results indicate that, 10 years after clearcutting, water table levels in undrained plots are still 5 to 7 cm higher than the pre‐cut levels. The slight recovery in water table level plateaued after the third year. Rainfall interception by vegetation was also monitored, and after 10 years had reached nearly 50% of the pre‐cut rate. The immediate water table drawdown following drainage mitigated watering‐up within 40 m of a ditch. The persistent watering‐up observed in this study should encourage using sylvicultural systems adapted to boreal forested wetlands in order to prevent productivity loss and stand conversion. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

离散元在地震引发的滑坡—碎屑流运动规律上的应用

2008年5月12日14时28分,四川省汶川县发生8级特大地震。此次地震触发的高速远程滑坡—碎屑流主要沿龙门山主中央断裂地震破裂带展布。本文在现场调查分析的基础上,使用2D-block离散元软件对地震引发的谢家店子滑坡—碎屑流运动规律进行了全程数值模拟分析。通过现场调查和模拟结果对比分析,将该滑坡的运动规律概括为4个过程：剧动启程抛掷;快速撞击—气垫飞行;铲刮减速碎屑流;堆积掩埋。     

Distribution and time-variation of spire streaks at Pavonis Mons on Mars

We documented the distribution and the time-variation of the specific dark wind streaks at Pavonis Mons. We focused on the streaks we named “Spire Streaks”, which are overlapping spindle shaped dark streaks at the upper boundary of the coalesced dark streaks on Tharsis volcanoes. We investigated both visible and infrared images obtained by Viking orbiter camera, Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC), THEMIS, CTX and HiRISE of the spire streaks at Pavonis Mons. We also used topographic data obtained by Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) to see the relationship between the topography and the distribution of the spire streaks. The spire streaks at Pavonis Mons provide us high-resolution information about the direction of the nighttime slope wind, and could be indirect clues for the time-variation of the nighttime environment. We conclude that the spire streaks are erosional features. However, some features of the spire streaks reported in this paper are outside the scope of previous modeling for erosional process, and we need a new category of model for the formation.